Abstract Some … may look at the depleted nature of Russia’s military after its invasion Ukraine and incorrectly surmise that defence spending increases are not necessary all.

in this paper, asymmetric effects of exchange rate fluctuation (according to positive and negative shocks) on real output were investigated. in the meantime, the study of behaviour of real output growth in iran’s economy over the period 1338-1386 was done. in specification of the output growth equation, in spite of considering positive and negative shocks of exchange rate, the effects of other ...

The compensation hypothesis states that governments adopt social programs to compensate individuals for accepting high trade exposure. Previous empirical studies has tested this hypothesis by analysing the effects of international trade on social welfare spending, finding ambiguous conclusions. We test this hypothesis from a different perspective. Using the International Social Survey Programme...

Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Émergentes (URMITE), CNRS-IRD, UMR 6236, Méditerranée Infection, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille-Université, Marseille, France; Département de Biochimie, Université Badji Mokhtar, Annaba, Algeria; Laboratoire Central de Microbiologie, CHU de Annaba, Annaba, Algeria; Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecin...

We construct a government spending news series in Korea based on Fisher and Peters (2010) by exploiting market-weighted sum of excess stock returns military contractors Korea. then use this estimate structural VAR model to evaluate the effects spending. As result, GDP show statistically significant responses shocks. The accumulated multiplier peaks after four quarters, five-year cumulative is c...

B Y ALL TRADITIONAL METHODS of measuring military power, the United States and its allied forces should have had little difficulty defeating the North Vietnamese during the second Vietnamese war (1965-1972). At the height of its involvement in Vietnam, the United States was spending in excess of $25 billion a year. The US Army had committed 40 percent of all its combatready divisions. They were...