Consensus standards for determining the efficiency of a concentrator cell or module have not been developed. NREL, Sandia National Laboratory, the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy in Germany, and the Progress in Photovoltaics Efficiency Table authors have informally agreed upon concentrator-cell reference conditions. These conditions are 25∞C cell temperature, 1-sun = 1000 W/m total irradi...

Aiming at the large carbon emissions of facility agricultural heating in severe cold regions winter, a Compound Parabolic Concentrator based soil system was presented. The integrated with novel trough and used for agriculture. Following structure Concentrator, TracePro software selected to trace light Concentrator. And variation trend escape rate different incident angles analyzed. Based on cal...

This work deals with a multi-period capacitated location problem inspired by telecommunication access network planning problems, where demands and costs vary from one period to another. On each concentrator site, several capacitated concentrators can be installed at each period. Similarly, several capacitated modules can be installed at each period between each terminal and concentrator sites. ...

We present a study of the X-ray coronal emission from the active binary VY Ari, using data from both the Low Energy Concentrator Spectrometer (LECS) and the Medium Energy Concentrator Spectrometer (MECS) instruments onboard the X-ray satellite BeppoSAX. Using these instruments, the X-ray spectrum of VY Ari can be studied across two full decades of energy, from 0.1 to 10 keV. The spectrum is wel...

The High-Performance Photovoltaic (HiPerf PV)Project was initiated by the U.S. Department of Energy to substantially increase the viability of photovoltaics (PV) for cost-competitive applications so that PV can contribute significantly to our energy supply and our environment in the 21st century. To accomplish this, the NCPV directs in-house and subcontracted research in high-performance polycr...

To predict AAL2 multiplexing performance, we derived bandwidth gain analytically using discrete Markov chain model for voice service and validated these results with a simulation. And we also performed detailed simulation for voice and data services in a concentrator. Based on the analysis, we find that there is no major benefit of AAL2 multiplexing in a concentrator. The benefit of AAL2 multip...

Cell concentration via centrifugation is a ubiquitous step in many cell culture procedures. At the macroscale, centrifugation suffers from a number of limitations, particularly when dealing with small numbers of cells (e.g., less than 50,000). On the other hand, typical microscale methods for cell concentration can affect cell physiology and bias readouts of cell behavior and function. In this ...

This paper presents the results and conclusions of the C-rating project. The purpose of this project has been to define standard methods and criteria for testing, rating and specifying PV concentrator components and systems (C-systems). The general agreement on the capability of PV concentrator systems to reach cost competitive levels for PV energy in the mid-term suggested the requirement for ...

This paper reports physical and physicochemical routes for the recycling of gold, silver, copper from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs). The results optical micrographs indicated that metals matrix are substantially separated slot after comminution process. effects various operational factors, including gravitational force fluidization water, centrifugal separators on separation performance ...

Ground vibration is one of the undesirable results of blasting operations. Different methods have been proposed to predict and control ground vibration that is caused by blasting. These methods can be classified as laboratory studies, fieldwork and numerical modeling. Among these methods, numerical modeling is the one which saves time and cuts costs since it takes into account the basic princip...