Trees, corals, ice cores and documentary evidence provide high-resolution proxies that allow past climate to be reconstructed (Jones et al., 2009). Documentary evidence includes all forms of written historical information about past climate or weather, but its use for climate reconstruction is restricted to locations for which there is a rich documentary legacy. Several climate analyses and rec...

Hezbollah, which in Arabic stands for the “Party of God,” has over the last few decades grown into one of the most influential Lebanese political organizations and militias. Hezbollah was conceived in the midst of the violent civil War of Lebanon, and in its early stage it often resorted to terrorist acts. However, over the years it has gradually transformed into a legitimate political current....

This paper examined and discussed the sundry controv the nature, sources and interpretations of Islamic law. The study was engendered by the fact that differences in views and attitudes to these variables have contributed in no mean way to political and religious unrests in many parts of t Middle East where Islam has much stronghold. This paper considered it expedient to engage in the study so ...

using records and documents left by muslim geographers and historions, this article tries to rebuild the historical geography of zarang, now a buried islamic - iranian city and once the administrative center of the sistan region in southeastern iran. the aim of this reconstruction is to help archaeologists have access to the plan and approximate whereabouts of major facilities of the city befor...

This work essentially represents two parts of a whole. Part one is a medical chronology and the reader is taken on an odyssey, as we chart the evolution of medicine from prehistoric times, through the ancient world, the middle ages, and into our modern world. Goddard writes with impressive authority, and reveals a deep love for learning, not just about medicine, but civilization. The author als...

The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries saw fundamental changes in Central Asia’s cultural social life. During that time, Jadidism emerged as a progressive movement throughout the emergence of new bourgeois relations, resulting cultural, spiritual, moral upsurge Asian society. Jadids – educated middle-class youth recognized importance studying secular sciences to keep up with Western ...

The Pukhtun of Swat in Northern Pakistan refer to Islam to justify the local practice of polygamy and female subordination. However, a survey of Islamic law shows its intent is far more egalitarian than Pukhtun practice. Using a mixture of case studies and statistical evidence, this paper argues that in Swat husbands take second wives mainly in a spirit of revenge, reflecting the endemic hostil...

This paper presents an analysis of the geography of the booming ‘Islamic financial services’ (IFS) sector, which provides a host of financial services based on Islamic religious grounds. The relevance of such an analysis is discussed against the conceptual backdrop of the world city network literature. It is argued that a focus on the globalization of the IFS sector may provide an alternative t...