In the previous work by Jacobs, Sokolova and the author, synchronous parallel composition of coalgebras—yielding a coalgebra—and parallel composition of behaviors—yielding a behavior, where behaviors are identified with states of the final coalgebra—were observed to form an instance of the microcosm principle. The microcosm principle, a term by Baez and Dolan, refers to the general phenomenon o...

Coalgebras are categorical presentations of state-based systems. In investigating parallel composition of coalgebras (realizing concurrency), we observe that the same algebraic theory is interpreted in two different domains in a nested manner, namely: in the category of coalgebras, and in the final coalgebra as an object in it. This phenomenon is what Baez and Dolan have called the microcosm pr...

An aquatic hyphomycete, Dwayaangam sp., was isolated from superficially sterilized black spruce (Picea mariana) needles submerged in aerated water in a small glass chamber (microcosm). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of this fungus and of a commonly encountered foliar endophyte isolated from P. mariana showed a high degree of similarity. When sporulation was induced in the microc...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ecological changes in the biofilm at different stages of maturation using 16S rDNA gene amplicon sequencing and to identify correlations between red/green (R/G) fluorescence ratio and ecological changes. An oral microcosm biofilm was initiated from the saliva of a single donor and grown anaerobically for up to 10 days in basal medium mucin. Quantitative...

The impact of adaptation on the persistence of a balanced polymorphism was explored using the lactose operon of Escherichia coli as a model system. Competition in chemostats for two substitutable resources, methylgalactoside and lactulose, generates stabilizing frequency-dependent selection when two different naturally isolated lac operons (TD2 and TD10) are used. The fate of this balanced poly...

J Stein Friedenwald, the son and grandson of ophthalmologists, was born in Baltimore in 1897. He attended Johns Hopkins Medical School, graduating in 1920. After medical internship, he spent 1 year studying ophthalmic pathology with Fredrich Verhoeff (Harvard), had a 1-year preceptorship with George de Schweinitz (Philadelphia), and then began practice without further training. He seemed not to...

The Green Driver app is a dynamic routing application for GPS-enabled smartphones. Green Driver combines client GPS data with real-time traffic light information provided by cities to determine optimal routes in response to driver route requests. Routes are optimized with respect to travel time, with the intention of saving the driver both time and fuel, and rerouting can occur if warranted. Du...

A dynamic fed-batch microcosm system is described which permits assessment of the progressive growth of yeasts through olive oil waste. We report on its application to measure the effects of the growth of yeast strains upon the chemical composition of "alpeorujo", the waste of a two-phase decanter system used for the extraction of olive oil. Six phenotypically distinct groups of yeasts were iso...

UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY A microcosm unit with tidal simulation was developed to address the challenge of maintaining ecologically relevant tidal regimes while performing controlled greenhouse experiments on smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora. • METHODS AND RESULTS We designed a simple, inexpensive, easily replicated microcosm unit with tidal simulation and tested whether S. al...

The aim of this study was to investigate the accumulation and composition of microcosm dental plaque on different orthodontic bonding materials using an in vitro model. Microcosm plaques were grown on discs of a range of bonding materials in a constant depth film fermentor. The biofilms were derived from human saliva and supplied with artificial saliva as a source of nutrients. The number of vi...