The goal of this experiment was to investigate the role of visual feedback during written composition. Effects of suppression of visual feedback were analyzed both on processing demands and on on-line coordination of low-level execution processes and of high-level conceptual and linguistic processes. Writers composed a text and copied it either with or without visual feedback. Processing demand...

We support exible query processing with autonomous networked information sources. Flexibility allows a query to be accepted in a dynamic environment with unavailable sources. Flexibility provides the ability to identify equivalent sources, based on their contents; these equivalences are used to eliminate redundancy and provide alternate query plans, when some source is unavailable. We determine...

The development of the ubiquitous logical connectives and and or provides a window into the role of semantics and pragmatics in children’s linguistic development. Previous research has suggested that adults and children might differ in their interpretation of or in two ways. First, unlike adults, children might interpret or as logical conjunction, akin to and. Second, children might interpret o...

We present four sets of NLP-based exercises for which error correction and feedback are produced by means of a rich database in which linguistic information is encoded either at the lexical or at the grammatical level. One exercise type “Question-Answering” utilizes linguistic knowledge and inferential processes on the basis of the output generated by GETARUN, a system for text understanding. G...

It has been proposed that the order in which words are prepared for production depends on speaker’s language. When producing translation equivalent of small cat, speakers German or Dutch select gender-marked determiner at a relatively early stage production. Speakers French Italian postpone encoding adjective until phonological form noun is available. Hence, even though produced same (e.g., die...

Despite the emphasis on effective supervisory feedback formulation postgraduates’ academic writing, our understanding of forms may not be comprehensive without mentoring students’ responses to feedback. Therefore, current case study explores research proposal writing and two in a Malaysian university. Data were collected from written feedback, commenting their text revisions, follow-up intervie...

This paper addresses the issue of how linguistic feedback expressions and head gestures relate to each other. The data are a collection of eight video-recorded Danish map-task dialogues annotated with phonetic and prosodic information. We focus on the analysis of the listeners’ head movements and face expressions and on how they relate to feedback expressions in their different prosodic realisa...

This study investigated the effectiveness of reactive incidental focus on form (FonF) for each learner with regard to different linguistic categories in meaning-oriented EFL classes. To this end, 30 hr of meaningful interactions of upper-intermediate EFL learners were audio-recorded in 2 free discussion classes. Instances of reactive incidental focus-on-form episodes (FFEs), where teachers offe...

This paper presents a new linguistic resource for the study and computational processing of Portuguese. CINTIL DependencyBank PREMIUM is a corpus of Portuguese news text, accurately manually annotated with a wide range of linguistic information (morpho-syntax, named-entities, syntactic function and semantic roles), making it an invaluable resource specially for the development and evaluation of...