1.1 Definition of period The period as defined from political changes runs from c.450 to 1066. The earlier 5th century should ideally be dealt with together with the Roman period but is considered here because the only significant evidence presently available is from comparison of the pattern revealed in the early Saxon period with that found in the Roman period. Even more importantly, there is...

Despite the appearance of ‘obligation’ in their name, medieval obligational disputations between an Opponent and a Respondent seem to many to be unrelated to deontic logic. However, given that some of the example disputations found in medieval texts involve Respondent reasoning about his obligations within the context of the disputation, it is clear that some sort of deontic reasoning is involv...

The Regesta Imperii (RI) are an important source for research in European-medieval history. Sources spread over many centuries of medieval history – mainly charters of German-Roman Emperors – are summarized as “Regests” and pooled in the RI. Interesting medieval demographic groups and players are i.a. cities, citizens or spiritual institutions (e.g. bishops or monasteries). Themes of historical...

to poor priests and scholars, corrodarians, and a staff of craftsmen is seen not as the perversion of charity to the deserving poor but rather as its extension. Fifth, the medieval hospital is firmly established as a major type of religious house-one that from now on will have to be given a considerable place in any synoptic study of music, education, architecture, and a number of other topics ...

BACKGROUND The cucumber, Cucumis sativus, is one of the most widely consumed fruit vegetables the world over. The history of its dispersal to the Occident from its centre of origin, the Indian subcontinent, has been incorrectly understood for some time, due to the confusion of cucumbers with vegetable melons. Iconographic and literary evidence has shown that cucumber was absent in Roman times, ...

LOUIS DULIEU, La medecine a Montpellier, Vol. 1, Le Moyen Age, Avignon, Les Presses Universelles, 1975, 8vo, pp. 386, illus., 150 F. For several years Dr. Dulieu of Montpellier has been publishing articles on the history of medicine there. He has now produced the first of three volumes on this theme; the second will deal with the Renaissance and the third with modem times. Probably the most imp...

In medieval society one of the main functions of a saint was healing people. Similarly to Christ, whose contemporaries were awed by his ability to cure the sick, the medieval saint was expected to have an ability to perform miraculous healings. Hagiographic literature clearly indicates that health was the most called for miracle: people turned to saints not as much for the blessing of soul but ...

In this paper we provide textual evidence on the sophistication of medieval deterrence strategies. Drawing on one of the great opera librettos based on medieval sources, Wagner’s Tannhäuser, we shall illustrate the use of optimal randomization strategies that can be derived by applying notions of dominance or trembling-hand perfection. Particular attention is paid to the employed randomization ...

‎motivated by a celebrated theorem of schur‎, ‎we show that if~$gamma$ is a normal subgroup of the full automorphism group $aut(g)$ of a group $g$ such that $inn(g)$ is contained in $gamma$ and $aut(g)/gamma$ has no uncountable abelian subgroups of prime exponent‎, ‎then $[g,gamma]$ is finite‎, ‎provided that the subgroup consisting of all elements of $g$ fixed by $gamma$ has finite index‎. ‎so...