In this paper we introduce a new approach in the decoding of variable length codes. Based on the tree structure of these codes a trellis representation is derived which allows the application of the BCJR algorithm. This algorithm provides us with the a posteriori probabilities of the transmitted source symbols. Therefore we do not only use soft information from an outer decoding stage but also ...

A decoding rule is presented which minimizes the probability of symbol error over a time-discrete memoryless channel for any linear error-correcting code when the code words are equiprobable. The complexity of this rule varies inversely with code rate, making the technique particularly attractive for high rate codes. Examples are given for both block and convolutional codes.

This research paper presents a proposed method for the compression of medical images using hybrid compression technique (DWT, DCT and Huffman coding). The objective of this hybrid scheme is to achieve higher compression rates by first applying DWT and DCT on individual components RGB. After applying this image is quantized to calculate probability index for each unique quantity so as to find ou...

poetic analysis involves the explication of a poem by focusing on the process of semiosis in it. through semiosis linguistic meaning is transformed into stylistic meaning. an examination of semiosis brings us to look at the hypersemanticized poetic structures which are none other than the style features of a poem. since style functions in a literary text by conveying meanings other than literal...

When is uncoded transmission optimal? This paper derives easy-to-check necessary and suÆcient conditions that do not require nding the rate-distortion and the capacity-cost functions. We consider the symbol-by-symbol communication of discretetime memoryless sources across discrete-time memoryless channels, using single-letter coding and decoding. This is an optimal communication system if and o...

Abstract Error correcting codes can play a key role in improving the efficiency and reliability of wireless communications. Concatenated codes have the advantages that: 1) breaking the task into stages simplifies decoding, and 2) performance is good against clustered bit errors, fading and bursty interference. Reed-Solomon codes (maximum distance codes) have been popular as an outer code of con...

Orthogonal-frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) based wireless local-area-networks (WLANs) will be implemented in the 2.4 GHz Industrial-Scientific -Medical (ISM) band. The advantages of OFDM WLANs are very high data rates, resilience to multipath and extended operating range. However, they will encounter interference from Bluetooth (BT) devices. In this paper, the co-existence issue of OFDM ...

The art of uroscopy involved the visual inspection of urine in a specially shaped flask called a matula. By the fourteenth century it had become an integral part of the assessment of the patient's humoral balance, which was the linchpin of both diagnosis and management in medieval medical practice, and the matula became the symbol of a physician. However, the practice was open to abuse by unscr...

Subband Adaptive Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) constitutes an effective method of compensating for the frequency selective fading incurred by mobile receivers. The channel transfer function estimation error increases both as a function of the Doppler frequency and that of the subband modem mode signalling delay. This leads to a degradation of the system’s performance. In thi...