it is generally recognised that ‘zero’ as we understand the concept today originated in two geographically separated cultures: the maya and indian. however, if zero merely signified a magnitude or a direction separator (i.e. separating those above the zero level from those below the zero level), the egyptian zero, nfr, dating back at least four thousand years, amply served these purposes. if ze...

I discuss several applications of symbolic dynamics and topological analysis to problems in mathematics, physics, and engineering. These are notes based on a talk presented on September 26, 1997 at the Institute for Mathematics and its Applications (IMA http://www.ima.umn.edu) as part of their Industrial Problems Seminar. The IMA is located in the Mathematics Department at the University of Min...

We discuss several applications of symbolic dynamics and topological analysis to problems in mathematics, physics, and engineering, based on a talk presented by Dr. 1. Introduction In September of 1997, Nick Tuullaro discussed some applications of symbolic dynamics to problems in mathematics, physics, and engineering in an IMA Industrial Problems Seminar. This article will discuss some of the a...

The objective of this Thesis is to examine the evaluation of single research and development (R&D) project and the management of R&D project portfolio. A challenge the R&D organizations have faced is that there are more new ideas for R&D projects than the organization has money and resources to implement. At this situation the R&D organization must develop its project portfolio management in or...