UV laser micromachining of metallic materials has been used in microelectronic and other industries. Knowledge and data about the process vary with feature size, material, laser wavelength and pulse duration. This paper reports on experimental and numerical investigation of micromachining of copper using a frequency tripled Nd:YAG laser with 50 ns pulse duration. An axisymmetric model is develo...

An endothermic phase change in the presence of chemical heterogeneitles can act as an efficient filter, such that heavy material is sequestered below the phase change and light material is trapped above the phase change. Due to the fact that the endothermlc phase change damps thermal convection, it can act as a "trap door" for chemical heterogeneitles Ascending flows which are chemically dense ...

Quasi-brittle materials such as concrete suffer from cracks during their life cycle, requiring great cost for conventional maintenance or replacement. In the last decades, self-healing materials are developed which are capable of filling and healing the cracks and regaining part of the stiffness and strength automatically after getting damaged, bringing the possibility of maintenance-free mater...

Previous research has shown an ‘interindividual-intergroup discontinuity effect’: intergroup interactions generally lead to less cooperative outcomes than interindividual interactions. We replicated the discontinuity effect in the deterministic prisoner’s dilemma, but we found that groups were more cooperative than individuals in a stochastic version of the game. Three major factors, greed, fea...

AIM Analysis of indications for stapes revision surgery in patients qualified for the secondary procedure at the Otosurgery Dept. Medical University of Lodz. MATERIAL AND METHODS 25 cases of stapes revision surgery out of the 385 total treated surgically otosclerosis cases are discussed. RESULTS In group A (patients after total stapedectomy) the following indications for the secondary surgi...

Moisture can have significant effects on the performance and reliability of electronic components. Accurately simulating moisture diffusion is important for designers and manufacturers to obtain a realistic reliability evaluation. Beginning with version 14, ANSYS is capable of simulating diffusion and related behaviors, such as hygroscopic swelling, with newly developed elements. However, a nor...