The fundamental principles of modern dialectical philosophy derive from Hegel. He sums them up as follows. `Everything is inherently contradictory ... Contradiction is the root of all movement and vitality, it is only in so far as something has a contradiction within it that it moves, has an urge and activity' (Hegel 1969, 439). In Hegel's philosophy these ideas form part of an all-embracing id...

Democracy: Marx’s theory of history (ex. Organization of the mode of production determines superstructure; unequal distribution of labor) explains the lack of actual democracy in capitalist societies; however, Marx’s thought concerning progression (also a theory of history) states that capitalist societies would eventually progress to a democratic state after a revolution of the proletariat. Ma...

At the time Marx was writing, metaphysics was in the grip of a dualism that separated mind from matter and, under the influence of Christian theology, often exaggerated a distinction into an antagonism; in such a world-view, body and soul were seen as warring parties with the body cast as the villain of the piece. Marx rejected the dualist philosophy and stressed that not only was there an inti...

Almost all of the voluminous literature on the Marxian ‘transformation problem’ is predicated on the assumption that, whether or not he succeeded, what Marx was trying to do in Part II of Capital, volume III—namely, derive a set of prices consistent with the equalisation of the rate of profit across all capitals—was correct. Those neo-Ricardians who argue that there is really no ‘transformation...

We study the polarization dependence of structure factor in multi-atom resonant X-ray Raman (MARX-Raman) scattering. The calculations for GaN (C3v) and SnO2 (C2v) show some preferable structures to enhance MARX-Raman signal intensity through which depends on relative arrangement incident surrounding local atomic geometry. theoretical help us derive new information from MARX-Raman.

It is well known that Karl Marx explained profit in capitalist economies as arising primarily from the exploitation of productive labor. Less generally understood is Marx’s theory as to the economic logic of capitalist exploitation, in particular the sense in and degree to which the latter depends on direct capitalist control of production, which Marx termed the subsumption of labor under capit...

MARX is a portable ray-trace program that was originally developed to simulate event data from the transmission grating spectrometers on-board the Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO). MARX has since evolved to include detailed models of all CXO science instruments and has been further modified to serve as an event simulator for future X-ray observatory design concepts. We first review a number of C...

ness of private life: Hegel develops private rights and morals as such abstractions, from which it does not follow, for him, that the state or ethical life [Sittlichkeit] of which they are presuppositions can be nothing but the society (the social life) of these illusions; 9 "Hegel calls private rights the rights of abstract personality, or abstract rights. And indeed they have to be developed ...

The separation of the contributions to the theory and practice of socialism by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels was not seriously posited during their lifetimes, but only in the following generation. The separation, as opposed to the contributions of their entire working lives, of the respective quality of thinking in either case, was a matter of which Engels was conscious, for he wrote: "Marx wa...