The potential effects of continental crust on mantle convection are explored using threedimensional numerical simulations. The simulations model the coupling between a thin, deformable layer of chemically buoyant crust and a deep layer of thermally convecting and chemically dense mantle. Simulations begin with a crustal layer embedded within the upper thermal boundary layer of a mantle convecti...

Magnesiowüstite [(Mg,Fe)O] is the second most abundant mineral of Earth's lower mantle. Understanding its stability under lower mantle conditions is crucial for interpreting the physical and chemical properties of the whole Earth. Previous studies in an externally heated diamond anvil cell suggested that magnesiowüstites decompose into two components, Fe-rich and Mg-rich magnesiowüstites at 86 ...

The Earth’s mantle convects to lose heat (Holmes, 1931); doing so drives plate tectonics (Turcotte and Oxburgh, 1967). Significant gravitational energy is created by the cooling of oceanic lithosphere atop hotter, less densemantle. When slabs subduct, this gravitational energy is mostly (∼86% for whole mantle flow in a PREM-like mantle) transformed into heat by viscous dissipation. Using this p...

Thermal conductivity of the Earth's lower mantle greatly impacts the mantle convection style and affects the heat conduction from the core to the mantle. Direct laboratory measurement of thermal conductivity of mantle minerals remains a technical challenge at the pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions relevant to the lower mantle, and previously estimated values are extrapolated from low P-T dat...

We present a parameterized convection model of Mars by incorporating a new heat-flow scaling law for stagnant-lid convection, to better understand how the evolution of Mars may be affected by mantle melting. Melting in the mantle during convection leads to the formation of a compositionally buoyant lithosphere, which may also be intrinsically more viscous by dehydration. The consequences of the...

The decay of (187)Re to (187)Os (with a half-life of 42 billion years) provides a unique isotopic fingerprint for tracing the evolution of crustal materials and mantle residues in the convecting mantle. Ancient subcontinental mantle lithosphere has uniquely low Re/Os and (187)Os/(188)Os ratios due to large-degree melt extraction, recording ancient melt-depletion events as old as 3.2 billion yea...

We report the oxygen isotope composition of olivine and orthopyroxene phenocrysts in lavas from the main magma types at Mt Shasta and Medicine Lake Volcanoes: primitive high-alumina olivine tholeiite (HAOT), basaltic andesites (BA), primitive magnesian andesites (PMA), and dacites. The most primitive HAOT (MgO [ 9 wt%) from Mt. Shasta has olivine dO (dOOl) values of 5.9–6.1%, which are about 1%...

Mantle cell lymphoma and other lymphoma subtypes often spread to the bone marrow, and stromal interactions mediated by focal adhesion kinase frequently enhance survival and drug resistance of the lymphoma cells. To study the role of focal adhesion kinase in mantle cell lymphoma, immunohistochemistry of primary cases and functional analysis of mantle cell lymphoma cell lines and primary mantle c...

The goal of this study was to obtain a complete description of the elastic modulus and hysteresis of the mantle tissue of the squid Loligo pealei over the entire functional region of the mantle. In addition, in vivo strains were measured to allow calculations of the amount of energy stored and returned in each region of the mantle studied, and microscopic analysis of the tissue was carried out ...

We have computed focal residual spheres for 145 subduction zone earthquakes along the northwest edge of the Pacific using regional and global mantle velocity models from tomographic nversions. The mantle models explain much of the observed residual sphere data and, to a certain extent, suggest the location of mantle velocity heterogeneities which are responsible for various residual sphere patt...