This paper presents a method for the initial detection of ductal structures within 3D ultrasound images using second-order shape measurements. The desire to detect ducts is motivated in a number of way, principally as step in the detection and assessment of ductal carcinoma in-situ. Detection is performed by measuring the variation of the local second-order shape from a prototype shape correspo...

Previous studies have shown the effects of vitamins on development mammary gland. However, role niacin in this process has not been reported. Therefore, aim study is to investigate gland pubertal mice and use a mouse epithelial cell line underlying mechanism. The results showed that could activate AKT/mTOR ERK signaling pathways increase phosphorylation 4EBP1 promote synthesis proliferation mar...

In order to study the effects of sheep teat disorders on the protection of the mammary gland, we used a Mannheimia haemolytica isolate, which did not cause clinical mastitis when deposited into intact teats. In the first experiment, this was deposited into the duct of teats with orf (Group A, n=5) or papilloma (Group B, n=3). In the second, teats were chapped and then, the organism was deposite...

purpose : to present the clinical features, biomechanical properties and management of a patient who developed unilateral corneal ectasia after photorefractive keratectomy (prk) case report : the patient was a 24-year-old man without any obvious preoperative risk factor for ectasia who underwent bilateral prk. four years after keratorefractive surgery, the patient presented with loss of visual ...

Rev Esp Cardiol 2003;56(5):473-9 473 Introduction and objectives. Coronary ectasia is characterized by the presence of diffuse dilation of the coronary vessels and is detected in 0.3-5.3% of angiographic studies. Our objective was to evaluate the prevalence of this condition, to analyze its clinical and angiographic characteristics, and to compare patients with ectasia and patients without it. ...

The tree-like architecture of the mammary gland is generated by branching morphogenesis, which is regulated by many signals from the microenvironment. Here we examined how signaling downstream of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) regulates different steps of mammary branching using three-dimensional culture models of the mammary epithelial duct. We found that PI3K was required for both branch in...

Mammary tissue differentiation and tumorigenesis were studied in female rats following subcutaneous injection at 2, 4 and 6 days after birth with low or high doses of 17beta-estradiol (0.1 or 10 microg; E2), biochanin A (0.1 or 10 mg; BCA) or bisphenol A (0.1 or 10.0 mg; BPA). Half of the rats were killed on day 35 to analyze the terminal end bud (TEB), terminal duct (TD) and alveolar bud (AB) ...

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with estrogen alleviates menopausal symptoms and is effective in reducing osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease when taken in early postmenopause. Older, late postmenopausal women who never previously received HRT are also believed to benefit from estrogen treatment. On the other hand, increased lifetime exposure of the mammary gland to estrogen may increase ...