In the first instar, the larvae enter into the leaf parenchyma and feed between the upper and lower surfaces of leaves creating mines. In the second instar, the larvae leave the mines, and from the second to the third instar, they feed on the leaves, destroying the leaf tissue except for the upper epidermis, leaving transparent “windows” in the leaves. Fourth-instar larvae feed on both sides of...

the influence of parasitoids on population dynamics is affected by host instar preference. the preference pattern of host instars is not fixed and is modified by the availability and relative abundance of host instars, intensity of defensive behaviors in a particular instar, and also maternal effects of the female forager. in this study, host instar preference of the thelytokous strain of lysip...

Ultrastructure, development and histopathology of a new densonucleosis vlrus of bloodsucking mosquitoes are described. Mosquito densonucleosis virus is infective to all 4 larval instars, pupae and adults of both sexes. Incubation periods were significantly shorter in older fourth-instar larvae than in third-instar larvae. Infected larvae die during the fourth larval instar or as pupae. The limi...

Euborellia annulipes (Lucas) (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae) is reported as a potential predator of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). In this study, we aimed to investigate whether fourth instar larvae, 1 or 3-day-old pupae P. are suitable food for the development and reproduction E. annulipes. We evaluated characteristics predation, each life stage, predator, by comparing them ...

the stage specific functional response of the acarophagous ladybird beetle stethorus gilvifrons mulsant to varying densities of citrus brown mite eutetranychus orientalis (klein) eggs was examined in a simplified castor bean leaf arena under laboratory conditions. all stages of s. gilvifrons were individually isolated for 24 hours with different prey densities at 30âºc and a photoperiod of 14: ...