Viruses differ markedly in their specificity toward host organisms. Here, we test the level of general sequence adaptation that viruses display toward their hosts. We compiled a representative data set of viruses that infect hosts ranging from bacteria to humans. We consider their respective amino acid and codon usages and compare them among the viruses and their hosts. We show that bacteria-in...

The aim of this paper is to analyze how the generalizations built by a CBR method can be used as local approximations of a concept. From this point of view, these local approximations can take a role similar to the global approximations built by eager learning methods. Thus, we propose that local approximations can be interpreted either as: 1) a symbolic similitude among a set of cases, 2) a pa...

421 Clin Med JRCPL 2001;1:421–2 The recent passing of the Embryology Bill has important implications for research that might lead to major advances in therapy, but raises moral issues which make many people doubt whether such an approach is justified. I know that religion plays an important part in Charles’s life but also that he is capable of standing back and looking at moral issues as object...

zinc is a substance that regulates neural excitability by binding whit sodium channel and potassium channel. the efficiency of free zinc ion, make down the neural survival rate, reduced the peak amplitude of na+ and make depolarization na channel, increased the peak amplitude of transition outward k+ currents and delayed rectifier. also it is an effective blocker of one subtype of tetrodoxine (...

In this paper, we propose a corpus-based approach to the construction of a Pan-Chinese lexical resource, starting out with the aim to enrich existing Chinese thesauri in the Pan-Chinese context. The resulting thesaurus is thus expected to contain not only the core senses and usages of Chinese lexical items but also usages specific to individual Chinese speech communities. We introduce the ratio...

It is generally believed that a metaphor tends to have a stronger emotional impact than a literal statement; however, there is no quantitative study establishing the extent to which this is true. Further, the mechanisms through which metaphors convey emotions are not well understood. We present the first data-driven study comparing the emotionality of metaphorical expressions with that of their...