It is well known that a vector potential cannot be defined over the whole surface of a sphere around a magnetic monopole. A recent claim to the contrary is shown to have problems. It is explained however that a potential of the proposed type works if two patches are used instead of one. A general derivation of the Dirac quantization condition attempted with a single patch is corrected by introd...

We describe the internal composition of a topologically stable monopole carrying magnetic charge 6π/e that arises from spontaneous breaking trinification symmetry SU(3)c×SU(3)L×SU(3)R (G). Since this carries no color charge, is required by Dirac quantization condition. The G to Standard Model occurs in number steps and yields desired (“magnetic baryon”), consisting three confined monopoles. mon...

We show that axions interacting with abelian gauge fields obtain a potential from loops of magnetic monopoles. This is consequence the Witten effect: axion field causes monopoles to acquire an electric charge and alters their energy spectrum. The can also be understood as type instanton effect due Euclidean monopole worldline winding around its dyon collective coordinate. calculate this effect,...

In this paper we begin on a new lattice formulation of the non-linear change of variables called the Cho–Faddeev–Niemi decomposition in SU(2) Yang-Mills theory. This is a compact lattice formulation improving the non-compact lattice formulation proposed in our previous paper. Based on this formulation, we propose a new gauge-invariant definition of the magnetic monopole current which guarantees...