Hemibiotrophic plant pathogens first establish a biotrophic interaction with the host plant and later switch to a destructive necrotrophic lifestyle. Studies of biotrophic pathogens have shown that they actively suppress plant defenses after an initial microbe-associated molecular pattern-triggered activation. In contrast, studies of the hemibiotrophs suggest that they do not suppress plant def...

Geographical isolation, selection and genetic drift can cause the geographical diversification of populations and lead to speciation. Land snail species in the genus Trochulus show overlaps in geographical ranges as well as in morphology, but genetic data do not always support the species-level taxonomy based on morphological characters. Such a group offers an excellent opportunity to explore t...

Colletotrichum graminicola (teleomorph, Glomerella graminicola) mutant T30 has a disruption in chsA, which is a class V or a class VI chitin synthase (class VI if recognized). The mutant conidia were significantly easier to fracture with glass beads than conidia of the wild type and two T30-derived strains that were complemented with chsA. Similarly, after extraction in alkali, the walls of sig...

Septoria tritici blotch or leaf has been used for long time, but is a correct disease name. Moreover, Lb resistant gene the name, but, not Stb gene. It sexual and asexual parts on mycelia, known as heterothallic fungi. Its pathogenic diversity ranged from 40% to 93% produced wide variety of AvrLb6 haplotypes. M. graminicola plasmogamy karyogamy process. The pathogen can use macropycnidiospores,...

Climate change calls for novel approaches to include environmental effects in future breeding programs forage crops. A set of ryegrasses (Lolium) varieties was evaluated multiple European environments crown rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. lolii) and stem (P. graminis graminicola) resistance. Additive Main Effect Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) analysis revealed significant genotype (G) environ...

Recently a Meloidogyne species complex was detected parasitizing and causing damage to irrigated rice in southern Brazil, highlighting the need study genetic diversity of these their pathogenicity Oryza spp. order select genotypes with multiple resistance. This compared Brazilian isolates from evaluated reaction four wild accessions (O. glumaepatula, O. longistaminata, grandiglumis, alta) two c...

septoria tritici blotch (stb), caused by mycosphaerella graminicola (anamorph: septoria tritici), is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide that has been intensified recently in some regions of iran including moghan plain. in this study reaction of 23 bread and durum wheat cultivars to 10 isolates of the pathogen collected from moghan region during 2007 and 2008, were evaluated u...