As awareness of shipping’s impact on the environment grows, increasing attention is being paid to “operational lubricant discharges”. Such leakage of lubricating oil, in the course of normal operations, may occur both from underwater equipment (sterntubes, controllable pitch propellers, thrusters and pods, steering gear, stabilisers) and from above the waterline equipment (such as cranes, davit...

Due to ever increasing demands on lubricants, such as increased service intervals, reduced volumes and reduced emissions, there is a need to develop new lubricants and improved wear additives. Ionic liquids (ILs) are room temperature molten salts that have recently been shown to offer many advantages in this area. The application of ILs as lubricants in a diverse range of systems has found that...

Vaginal lubricants are widely used by women to help solve intercourse difficulties or as enhancers, but recent reports raise questions about their safety. Twelve commercially available gel products were tested for pH value, pH buffering capacity, osmolality and cytotoxicity relevant to vaginal delivery. Obtained data were analyzed in light of the recent Advisory Note by the World Health Organiz...

The most remarkable difference between electric vehicles (EVs) and conventional ones is the fuel burning dependency of internal combustion engine, while emerging EVs operate on motors. These alternations create staggering shifts in both lubricants' market demand performance specifications. Lubricants for electrical powertrain constitutes greases, transmission oils, lubricants auxiliary systems ...

1.1 Lubrication (Rizvi, 2009) The principle of supporting a sliding load on a friction reducing film is known as lubrication (Ludema, 1996). The substance of which the film is composed is a lubricant, and to apply it is to lubricate. These are not new concepts, nor, in their essence, particularly involved ones. Farmers lubricated the axles of their ox carts with animal fat centuries ago. But mo...

INTRODUCTION: Nano/micro-scale tribological properties (surface roughness and frictional coefficient of engineering and biological materials) have been investigated through Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) [1]. At the macro-scale, previous studies in the literature have reported on the effect of lubricants on friction and wear through pin-on-disk tests and there has been the general agreement that...

Ionic liquids are salts, many of which are typically viscous fluids at room temperature. The fluids are characterized by negligible vapor pressures under ambient conditions. These properties have led us to study the effectiveness of ionic liquids containing both organic cations and anions for use as space lubricants. In the previous paper we have measured the vapor pressure and some tribologica...

Lubricants ordinarily operate by keeping two sliding surfaces separated. The efficiency of a lubricant may be expressed by equations of hydrodynamics where the mechanical properties of the films of lubricants are adequately defined by the properties of bulk lubricant. In the case of water lubrication of black rubber at slow speeds and low pressures the lubricating ability of water is shown to b...

Limited crude reserves, consistently rising oil prices, unsafe disposal of the harmful lubricants and its guaranteed adverse aftereffects has increased concern for replenishing the environment. Development of environmental friendly lubricants and its appropriate usage is an option of prime importance which can overcome such problems. This paper investigates the prospects of Mahua oil based lubr...