An attenuation-based method to retrieve vertical profiles of rainfall rate from vertically pointing Ka-band radar measurements has been refined and adjusted for use with the U.S. Department of Energy’s cloud radars deployed at multiple Atmospheric Radiation Program (ARM) test bed sites. This method takes advantage of the linear relationship between the rainfall rate and the attenuation coeffici...

AIM To determine the effects of annual rainfall and farm on the efficacy of melatonin implants in improving lamb production in Merino sheep in Spain. METHODS A study was conducted on 3,871 Merino sheep on six farms over a 4-year period (2004-2007). Melatonin implants were inserted during the second half of February or early March (winter) (Melatonin group) or not (Control group). Multinomial ...

A ustralia, which lies southeast of Asia between the Indian and Pacific oceans, consists of the smallest continent (and the world’s largest island—approximately 4,000 km from east to west and 2,000 km from north to south) as well as the island of Tasmania. About a third of the continent is uninhabitable; in another third the rainfall is too low to permit close settlement. The climate varies fro...

[1] Accurate measurement of rainfall distribution at various spatial and temporal scales is crucial for hydrological modeling and water resources management. In the literature of satellite rainfall estimation, many efforts have been made to calibrate a statistical relationship (including threshold, linear, or nonlinear) between cloud infrared (IR) brightness temperatures and surface rain rates ...

Climate variability has been and continues to be, the principal source of fluctuations in global food production in countries of the developing world and is of serious concern in the Kingdom of Swaziland. The mean annual rainfall is considerably low in most parts of the country and temporal variability is quite high. In some places, as much as 60% of the annual total rainfall is recorded in jus...

The response of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) circulation and precipitation to Middle East dust aerosols on sub-seasonal timescales is studied using observations and the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with online chemistry (WRF-Chem). Satellite data show that the ISM rainfall in coastal southwest India, central and northern India, and Pakistan is closely associated with the Mi...

We construct a state-and-transition model for mammals in tropical savannas in northern Australia to synthesize ecological knowledge and understand mammalian declines. We aimed to validate the existence of alternative mammal assemblage states similar to those in arid Australian grasslands, and to speculate on transition triggers. Based on the arid grassland model, we hypothesized that assemblage...

East Coast Lows (ECLs) are intense low-pressure systems which occur on average several times each year off the eastern coast of Australia, in particular southern Queensland, New South Wales (NSW) and eastern Victoria. East Coast Lows will often intensify rapidly overnight making them one of the more dangerous weather systems to affect and damage the eastern coast of Australia each year. They ar...

studies of rainfall variation generally focus on large areas. for example, in india, the area average monsoon rainfall series of the whole country or meteorological subdivisions are used. this would be of no use for local agriculture, particularly in places where rainfall is very high or very low, especially for crops like small cardamom and vanilla which are very sensitive to soil moisture and...

Benefiting from the high spatiotemporal resolution and near-global coverage, satellite-based precipitation products are applied in many research fields. However, the applications of these products may be limited due to lack of information on the uncertainties. To facilitate applications of these products, it is crucial to quantify and document their error characteristics. In this study, four sa...