The term ‘emergence’ often causes confusion in science and philosophy, as it is used to express at least two quite different concepts. We can label these concepts strong emergence and weak emergence. Both of these concepts are important, but it is vital to keep them separate. We can say that a high-level phenomenon is strongly emergent with respect to a low-level domain when the high-level phen...

Scripting languages are great for gluing together components, but they suffer as the complexity or size of data scales upward. Data objects solve this problem by marrying both high-level and low-level programming styles. Data objects are self-contained representations of data. They define both the structure of the data and the methods to access it. Data may be accessed through both Tcl and a C ...

We show a learning-based method for low-level vision problems{estimating scenes from images. We generate a synthetic world of scenes and their corresponding rendered images. We model that world with a Markov network, learning the network parameters from the examples. Bayesian belief propagation allows us to e ciently nd a local maximum of the posterior probability for the scene, given the image...

0

abstractbackground : in order to quantify effects of ultrasound irradiation parameters under therapeutic condition, especially sonodynamic therapy, it is initially necessary to evaluate inertial cavitation activity in vitro conditions therefore, in this study, the effect of 1 mhz low level ultrasound based on °oh radicals generated by acoustic inertial cavitation in aqueous solution was monitor...