this study is concerned with understanding the impact of demographic changes, socioeconomic inequalities, and the availability of health factors on life expectancy (le) in the low and lower middle income countries.the cross-country data were collected from 91 countries from the united nations agencies in 2012. le is the response variable with demographics (total fertility rate, and adolescent f...

This paper relates national fertility rates to political factors. I first review evidence that community norms affect fertility, ethnic groups compete politically in many countries, and a group’s relative size affects its ability to compete. This evidence jointly suggests that population growth and fertility may be public goods at the ethnic group level in diverse societies. Next, I present a s...

This paper describes how fertility is determined in a model that assumes the existence of child-care services. When child-care services exist, two multiple states result: a state that brings about low fertility with low female labor participation, and a state that brings about high fertility with high female labor participation. This result is consistent with the positive correlation that is fo...

In permanent agricultural systems, soil fertility is maintained through applications of manure, other organic materials, inorganic fertilizers, lime, the inclusion of legumes in the cropping systems, or a combination of these. In many parts of the world the availability, use, and profitability of inorganic fertilizers have been low whereas there has been an intensification of land-use and an ex...

This study examines households’ fertility variations in response to expected permanent shifts in the return to education. Wage premiums measure the return to education because their long-run movements are driven by factors exogenous to the fertility process. The results indicate that high education parents’ fertility responds negatively to changes in the expected return to college and negativel...