Abstract The present work deals with the characterization of scratch resistance two different types coatings, i.e., chromium nitride (CrN) and diamond-like carbon prepared on X42Cr13/W (1.2083) plastic mold tool steel by physical vapor deposition plasma-enhanced chemical deposition, respectively. Our study focuses influence duplex treatment, plasma nitriding + ceramic coating steel. An advanced...

Many technological advancements in the modern era have made actual use of electrical power and constrained operating systems within stability limits. Some expeditious load variations rising demands initiate complications voltage can put stress on performance, leading to instability. Voltage Stability Indices be used perform assessment. This review evaluates various VSIs based mathematical deriv...

Line outage security constraints ensure that a proposed generating schedule will not load any line to the point where its removal causes more overloading elsewhere. These increase operating costs by occasionally precluding usage of cheapest generation sources. That is, power networks frequently suffer congestion in this ($N-1$</inline...

For the efficient transmission of power from power plants to consumer loads, the power losses are reduced in modern power system. In order to reduce such losses, a recently evolved FACTS technology is used. In this paper, Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) is selected to enhance the loadability in the transmission line. To improve the maximum power transfer capability by this device a...

As known, nonlinear loads in power systems originate harmonic distortion and quality issues. Converter-interfaced exhibit a behaviour as well may largely contribute to increase the pollution. The nonlinearities introduced by PLL-synchronization control originate, indeed, coupling mechanism between fundamental frequencies. These effects are not captured traditional Norton/Thevenin equivalent con...

• Security margins methods are significantly affected by the load dynamics in a system. Induction motor loads and fast restoring especially important. based on static assessment may provide overly optimistic estimations. dynamic time-consuming, but more accurate. The post-contingency loadability limit (PCLL) secure operating (SOL) two main approaches used when computing security of an electric ...