To examine poverty and inequality, we need a measure of well-being. Ideally, this measure should correspond as closely as possible to the way individuals experience their standards of living, including the effects of access to social services; social stigma; stress; insecurity; vulnerability; and social exclusion. Here we focus only on material well-being, which we measure using information on ...

A common theme throughout the notes in this series is the examination of disparities in a particular health variable (be it health status, or usage of health services, or payments for health care, or whatever) across people with different standards of living. For example, the concern might to be to see whether gaps in health outcomes between the poor and better off have grown, or whether they a...

Abstract The living standards of the working classes during industrialization continue to be subject debate in European historiography. However, other factors closely related institutional setting, such as role played by social economy and institutions for collective action, are seldom considered. This study focuses on these factors, attempts quantify impact consumer cooperatives. We argue that...