the field of vaccinology provides excellent promises to control different infectious and non-infectious diseases. genetic immunization as a new tool in this area by using naked dna has been shown to induce humoral as well as cellular immune responses with high efficiency. this demonstrates the enormous potential of this strategy for vaccination purposes. dna vaccines have been widely used to de...

Determining the earliest age at which farmed fish can be successfully vaccinated is a very important question for fish farmers. Nasal vaccines are novel mucosal vaccines that prevent aquatic infectious diseases of finfish. The present study investigates the ontogeny of the olfactory organ of rainbow trout by histology and aims to establish the earliest age for vaccination against infectious hem...

2 Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arthropod-borne viral pathogen that causes significant 3 morbidity and mortality among ruminants throughout Africa and the Middle East. Vaccination 4 is an important means to reduce the risk of RVFV infection in the ruminant population but has 5 proved to be challenging due to the sporadic and explosive nature of RVF outbreaks; currently, 6 two types of va...

Numerous vaccine and control tools have been introduced to the marketplace including licensed modified live PRRS vaccines (MLV), licensed inactivated PRRS vaccines (KV), autogenous KV vaccines, and use of virulent live virus exposure (LVI). Based on published data and controlled experimental studies, the licensed MLV clearly provide the current gold standard of protection in respiratory and rep...

The experiments aimed to develop the inactivated Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine in the form of water in oil (WO) and water in oil in water (WOW) using palm oil, which is easily found in tropical countries, and to study the effect of vitamin E in the form of dl-α-tocopheryl acetate for improving the efficacy of inactivated ND vaccine prepared from palm oil. Two hundred and twenty, thirty five da...

DNA vaccination has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional protein-based vaccines for the induction of protective immune responses. DNA vaccines offer several advantages over traditional vaccines, including increased stability, rapid and inexpensive production, and flexibility to produce vaccines for a wide variety of infectious diseases. However, the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines d...

lmmunocontraception technology appears to have viable application in wildlife damage management. However, administration of these vaccines is presently performed by syringe injection or remote delivery by darts or bio-bullets. In order for immunocontraception to be successful for broad scale application to free-roaming animals, the vaccine must be delivered in an oral form. Recent advances in m...