Previous studies have suggested that formulaic and literal expressions are stored and processed according to differing characteristics, and that certain auditory–acoustic cues serve to distinguish formulaic from literal meanings. This study took these observations a step further by investigating listeners’ ability to discriminate between literal or idiomatic exemplars of ambiguous utterances an...

The simpliied pure literal algorithm solves satissability problems by c hoosing variables in a xed order and then generating subproblems for various values of the chosen variable. If some value satisses every relation that depends on the chosen variable, then only the subproblem for that preferred value is generated. Otherwise, a subproblem is generated for every value of the variable. The full...

Extended logic programs (ELPs) are a set of logic rules with strong negation  allowed in the bodies or head of the rules and weak negation ~ allowed in the bodies of the rules. ELPs enable for various forms of reasoning that cannot be achieved by definite logic programs. Answer Set Programming provides a widely acceptable semantics for ELPs. However, ELPs do not provide information regarding t...

We describe an algorithm for automatic classification of idiomatic and literal expressions. Our starting point is that idioms and literal expressions occur in different contexts. Idioms tend to violate cohesive ties in local contexts, while literals are expected to fit in. Our goal is to capture this intuition using a vector representation of words. We propose two approaches: (1) Compute inner ...

Web link analysis has been proven to provide significant enhancement to the precision of web search in practice. The PageRank algorithm, used in the Google Search Engine, plays an important role in improving the quality of results by employing an explicit hyperlink structure among the Web pages. The prestige of Web pages defined by PageRank is derived solely from surfers’ random walk on the Web...

We study the algebraizability of the logics constructed using literal-paraconsistent and literal-paracomplete matrices described by Lewin and Mikenbergin[11] proving that theyare all algebraizable in the sense of Blok We study the algebraizability of the logics constructed using literal-paraconsistent and literal-paracomplete matrices described by Lewin and Mikenberg in [11], proving that they ...

Closed head injury (CHI) is associated with communication difficulties in everyday social interactions. Previous work has reported impaired comprehension of sarcasm, using sarcastic remarks where the intended meaning is the opposite of the sincere or literal meaning. Participants with CHI in the present study were assessed using two types of sarcastic items, those with a directly opposite meani...

consisting of a conjunction of clauses, where a clause is a disjunction of literals; a literal is either a variable v (a positive literal) or the negation of a variable ¬v (a negative literal). We are to decide if there is an assignment to the variables satisfying the formula, that is, an assignment under which every clause contains at least one true literal. The example formula is satisfied by...

consisting of a conjunction of clauses, where a clause is a disjunction of literals; a literal is either a variable v (a positive literal) or the negation of a variable ¬v (a negative literal). We are to decide if there is an assignment to the variables satisfying the formula, that is, an assignment under which every clause contains at least one true literal. The example formula is satisfied by...

In the past decades, there has been much progress in the formal Semantics of ordinary language. Logicians, linguists and philosophers have extensively used logical formalisms in order to interpret directly or after translation important fragments of actual natural languages. They have thereby contributed to the foundations of the theory of sentence meaning. In formal Semantics, speaker meaning ...