lectricity has caused important differences in our social life, and it has been involved in our daily life for the improvement of the technology. Consequently, there is an increase in ratio of accidents due to electricity.1 We often confronted children to electrical accidents at home, and adults are faced to these accidents usually at work.2,3 We rarely observed both suicides and murders by the...

Electricity distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electricity from generating power plants to end users. A distribution system's network carries electricity from the transmission system and delivers its load centers. It is the most visible part of the power supply chain, and as such the most exposed to the critical observation of its users. Thus, it is very important to have high r...

one of the most important issues about production structure and measurement of factors utilization in industry is the study of substitutability among the production factors. while, energy, for its particular features like finite and the direct relationship between energy usage and air pollution; and specifically abundance of energy resources and allocation of subsidies to different energy carri...

A method for forecasting the outage frequency of cable sections including the influence of repair-joint increase is presented. Time series of joint numbers are processed by a computation procedure applying aging models for cable sections and joints. The methods were tested using data of a real-life medium voltage cable network. It could be shown that outage frequency of cable sections can be su...

The aim of this thesis is to formalise cost allocation in the Dutch electricity sector by means of concepts from the theory of cost allocation and cooperative games. Consumers of electricity are connected to one of the seven voltage levels in the electricity grid. Most electricity is fed into the grid at the highest voltage level and is transported to lower voltage levels. Research in collabora...

1 Background The Japanese government is conducting electricity system reform in stages and plans to complete this reform by 2020. Historically, all electricity related services in Japan have been overseen by regional monopolistic entities. After the reform is completed, both the wholesale and retail electricity markets will be perfectly competitive, as in most countries in the EU, and many stat...

|The most frequent use of co-axial cable is to prevent electrical noise entering signals being passed between equipment. Ground voltage di erences are common and add in series with the signal voltage. The screen of co-axial cable grounded at both ends induces a voltage in the inner conductor which cancels higher frequency ground voltage di erences, starting from a break point of typically 2 kHz...

In Malaysia, fiber cable is commonly installed underground or overhead. Once optical fibre cable is installed either underground or over-head, there is no physical maintenance implemented. The only maintenance on fibre cable is the monitoring of optical fibre attenuation. Bend loss affects the attenuation and any bending cable that contributes to the bend loss remains unmaintained since there i...

The electricity network represents an example of an evolving complex system. The first local networks contained only a few nodes, but within several decades, they have evolved into a highly connected continental system. The growth of these networks was influenced by various factors such as economic, demographic, political and technological developments. In this paper, we analyse the growth of t...