Classic models of fish schools and flying formations of birds are built on the hypothesis that the preferred locations of an individual are determined by the flow left by its upstream neighbor. Lighthill posited that arrangements may in fact emerge passively from hydroor aerodynamic interactions, drawing an analogy to the formation of crystals by intermolecular forces. Here, we carry out physic...

density (r/g cm-3) and viscosity (h/10-2gcm-1s-1=1centipoise,cp) of guanosine monophosphate (gmp) and adenosine triphosphate (atp) referred to as nucleotide, and 2-deoxy adenosine (doa) and thymidine (tmd) as nucleoside along with their integral furanose sugar, 2-deoxy ribose (dor) from 0.0004 to 0.0014mol kg-1 solution have been measured at 288.15, 293.15 and 298.15k at atmospheric pressure. t...

Volume integral formulations for solving electromagnetic problems in the frequency domain are proposed. Firstly, it is based on a magnetic flux B and current density J facet interpolation for representing the electromagnetic problem through an equivalent circuit. Secondly, magnetic vector potentials A and electric vector potential T are considered thanks to discrete geometric approach. The form...

We prove that any regular integral invariant of volume-preserving transformations is equivalent to the helicity. Specifically, given a functional I defined on exact divergence-free vector fields of class C(1) on a compact 3-manifold that is associated with a well-behaved integral kernel, we prove that I is invariant under arbitrary volume-preserving diffeomorphisms if and only if it is a functi...

The local concentrations of the two fluids within a mixing layer produced by an interfacial instability are determined by their individual continuity equations. Solution of these equations requires constitutive relations for the local mass fluxes of the two fluids. We derive explicit analytical expressions for these fluxes in planar incompressible mixing layers characterized by a single integra...