The production of high spectral brilliance radiation from electron beam sources depends critically on the qualities. One must obtain very brightness, implying simultaneous peak current and low emittance. These attributes are enabled through use field acceleration in a radio-frequency (rf) photoinjector source. Despite fields currently utilized, there is limit achievable brightness operation, ra...

For the Linac Coherent Light Source II (LCLS-II) project at SLAC, a 1.3 GHz superconducting rf (SRF) linac is being constructed that will generate 4 GeV electron bunches high repetition rate to drive x-ray free lasers. The LCLS-II source, which comprises first three meters of injector, includes two normal-conducting, continuous-wave cavities: one-cell, 185.7 MHz gun and two-cell, buncher. It al...

Over forty years in the making, and one of Canada’s largest scientific investments in those four decades, the Canadian Light Source (CLS), a third generation source of synchrotron light, was designed for high performance and flexibility and serves the diverse needs of the Canadian research community by providing brilliant light for applied and basic research programmes ranging from the far infr...

Introduction Blue light is a part of the spectrum with the highest energy content, which can reach the retina. The damage that it can cause to the retina is called photochemical or blue-light retinal injury. For the retinal injury assessment of the photochemical and aphakic retinal hazards in the wavelength range of 300-700 nm, use of effective spectral radiance limits (W.m-2.sr-1) seems to be...

Applications like rendering of images using computer graphics methods are usually requiring more sophisticated light models to give better control. Complex scenes in computer generated images are requiring very differentiated light models to give a realistic rendering of the scene. That usually includes a high number of (virtual) light sources to model a scene to reproduce accurate shadows and ...