511 commercial emails from four asian countries, namely china, pakistan, india, and iran have been analyzed in a mixed-method design. the focus of the study is on the two features of politeness and intimacy. in the quantitative analysis, the model proposed by brown & levinson (1987) and that of coulmas (2005) which have drawn upon the features of indirectness in requesting and the length of...

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Ascension Saint Agnes Hospital and Division of Cardiac Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality, Baltimore, Maryland; Sanger Heart and Vascular Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio; and Department of Cardiothor...

Ascension to the oviduct is necessary for Chlamydia to induce tubal infertility. Using the Chlamydia muridarum induction of hydrosalpinx mouse model, we have demonstrated a significant role of the uterotubal junction in preventing chlamydial ascending infection. First, delivery of C. muridarum to either side of the uterotubal junction resulted in significant reduction in live organisms from the...

Studies of the Santa Barbara Basin off the coast of California have linked changes in its bottom-water oxygen content to millennial-scale climate changes as recorded by the oxygen isotope composition of Greenland ice. Through the use of detailed records from a sediment core collected off the Magdalena Margin of Baja California, Mexico, we demonstrate that this teleconnection predominantly arose...

There are few documented experiences on the massive development of learning objects using well-defined quality standards, this article presents a case of study for the development of 184 learning objects produced to support 13 undergraduate courses, each of the learning objects has in its development well defined quality parameters and was created in the context of a quality management process....

The Earth Radiation Budget at the top of the atmosphere quantifies how the Earth gains energy from the Sun and loses energy to space. It is of fundamental importance for climate and climate change. In this paper, the current state-of-the-art of the satellite measurements of the Earth Radiation Budget is reviewed. Combining all available measurements, the most likely value of the Total Solar Irr...

In the last half century Ibrahim Madkour revolutionised the study of Arabic logic by making available a modern edition of the text of the Logic section of Ibn Sı̄nā’s Šifā’. Ibn Sı̄nā’s account of logic in the Šifā’ is much fuller than any of his other surviving accounts; it runs to some two thousand pages. It is also — in my view — more radical and more independent of Aristotle than his other ac...

tablishing the bases of migration. The uneven ratio of population and resource access is usually pointed to as the main driver of migration, variously understood in terms of opportunity or income.1 However, recent studies argue that environmental change may be more fundamental to the acceleration of migration today. The concept of “environmental refugees,” pioneered by El-Hinnawi and extended b...