National governments can only tax the economic activity they either directly observe or that is reported by municipal authorities. mining, a very common phenomenon in Colombia, changed with a tax reform that reduced the share of revenue transferred back to mining municipalities. To overcome the challenge of measuring illegal activity, we construct a novel dataset using machine learning predicti...

Caporalato is a widespread system of illegal recruitment and exploitation of underpaid farm labor run by Italian agrimafias. Most of this labor consists of irregular migrants vulnerable to exploitation due to their illegal status and the need of documents. In the 2011 migration wave over 64,000 migrants illegally landed on southern Italian coasts, and many of them may have supplied illegal work...

Digital goods such as music are vulnerable to illegal use over the internet. Technology-driven IT solutions to protection are useful but limited. Instead, we suggest that incentives to legal forms of consumption can be constructed by redesigning how the e-business model for digital content creates consumer value. We present a general framework that enables a quantified utility analysis and clar...

The study of the safety of sex workers in the sex industry is complicated by several factors. The industry operates in an illegal environment, and even where prostitution is formally legalised certain sectors of the industry remain illegal. For example, in Victoria brothel prostitution is legal whereas street prostitution is not. Because of these variations in legality, obtaining accurate infor...

The brain is constantly generating predictions of future sensory input to enable efficient adaptation. In the auditory domain, this applies also to the processing of speech. Here we aimed to determine whether the brain predicts the following segments of speech input on the basis of language-specific phonological rules that concern non-adjacent phonemes. Auditory event-related potentials (ERP) w...

This study examined the implications and causes of illegal refuse dumps in Ilorin South Local Government Area, Kwara State. A descriptive survey method was adopted for the study. The population of the study were all the people in Ilorin South Local Government Area. A sample of 500 respondents was randomly selected from the various wards in the local government area. Questionnaire was the instru...