todd lawson in article hermeneutic interpretation of pre-islamic and shiite، attempts to describe and assess the historical development of hermeneutics the twelver shia interpretation. this article is based on the shia interpretation of the phenomena of contemporary hermeneutics four province-based، compromise، mystical and esoteric (deafness hermeneutic) and philosophical - has lived provinces...

in this research, my problem is what the major criteria of supremebliss in al-ghazali's thought are. the methodology in thisinvestigation is analytic-descriptive. in his works, al-ghazali offersdifferent criteria, such as knowing god, proximity to him, meetinghim, to love him and so on. to actualize the last one, al-ghazalisuggests two methods: one: interruption of concern with mundaneworl...

Al-Razi rose to become a hospital director both in Rayy (his home town, and now a suburb of Tehran) and Baghdad. This hospital environment proved important for his medical research. By the 10th century, hospitals in Baghdad had developed into quite sophisticated institutions. For instance, in the 920s and 930s, a powerful vizier by the name ‘Ali ibn ‘Isa endeavoured to improve public health, bo...

junayd baghdadi is one of the greatest mystics and theorist of the first mystical tradition. his speeches about cognition and towhid (monotheism) are very valuable. attending to different levels of audiences, he has mentioned different stages for towhid. his remarks about towhid prove that both mystical practices and mystical vision play an important role for achieving the stage of towhid. to r...

fakhr al-dīn al-rāzī, theologian and philosopher of the 12th centuriy (1148-1209), has a huge literary production in many scholary disciplines of his time. nothwithstanding some original ideas which are mostly found in his theological and philosophical writings, most of his other works are compilations based on other sources. some of these sources still exist, while most of the others seem to h...

literature has always been the stage of representing sublime concepts of humanity and illustrates most latent scenes of human life. war and resistance have been apparently represented in literature as two most important expressions of human life. writers and poets  have always created beautiful works in this context such as those written  after crusades and events  of fateful conflicts between ...