In order to further understand the genetic basis for variation in inherent (untrained) exercise capacity, we examined the brains of 32 male rats selectively bred for high or low running capacity (HCR and LCR, respectively). The aim was to characterize the activation patterns of brain regions potentially involved in differences in inherent running capacity between HCR and LCR. Using quantitative...

Erythroid-specific, high level expression of the beta-globin genes is regulated by the locus control region (LCR), composed of multiple DNase I-hypersensitive sites and located far upstream of the genes. Recent studies have shown that LCR core elements recruit RNA polymerase II (pol II). In the present study we demonstrate the following: 1) pol II and other basal transcription factors are recru...

Gene therapy for hemoglobinopathies requires efficient gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells and high-level erythroid-specific gene expression. Toward this goal, we constructed a helper-dependent adenovirus vector carrying the beta-globin locus control region (LCR) to drive green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression, whereby the LCR-GFP cassette is flanked by adeno-associated virus (AAV) ...

Perforin gene (PRF1) transcription regulates perforin expression in NK cells and CTL. Here we identified the locus-wide ensemble of cis-acting sequences that drives PRF1 transcription physiologically. By using chromosome transfer, we revealed that de novo activation of a silent PRF1 locus was controlled by a 150 kb domain comprised of 16 DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs). These cis-acting seq...

Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 expresses a variety of alternatively spliced polycistronic mRNAs encoding the E2 transcription-regulatory protein. These mRNAs initiate at the p97 promoter and contain the 880/2708 (a-type), 880/2581 (a'-type) and 226/2708 (d-type) splice sites upstream from the E2 open reading frame (ORF). Recent studies investigating the translational capacities of partial c...

Laryngeal chemoreflexes (LCR) are triggered by the contact of assorted liquids with the laryngeal mucosa. In the neonatal period, the immature LCR consist primarily of apnea and bradycardia, which at times can be life threatening. The aim of this study was to assess LCR induction in nonsedated, newborn full-term lambs by several acid solutions, compared with distilled water and saline. Twelve l...

The locus control region (LCR) far upstream of the human beta-like globin genes is defined by the preferential chromatin accessibility/DNase I hypersensitivity of four constituent DNA sites HS4, 3, 2, and 1. In an attempt to understand the mechanism of LCR function during early stages of erythropoiesis, a new polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method has been developed to examine the chromatin str...

The mammalian beta-globin locus is a multigenic, developmentally regulated, tissue-specific locus from which gene expression is regulated by a distal regulatory region, the locus control region (LCR). The functional mechanism by which the beta-globin LCR stimulates transcription of the linked beta-like globin genes remains unknown. The LCR is composed of a series of 5 DNaseI hypersensitive site...

We introduce a new symmetry, light-cone reflection (LCR), which interchanges timelike and spacelike intervals. Our motivation is to provide reason, based on why tachyons might exist, with emphasis application neutrinos. show that LCR, combined translations, leads much larger symmetry. construct an LCR-invariant Lagrangian discuss some of its properties. In simple example, we find complete symme...

Xia L, Leiter JC, Bartlett D, Jr. Laryngeal apnea in rat pups: effects of age and body temperature. J Appl Physiol 104: 269–274, 2008. First published October 25, 2007; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00721.2007.—In neonatal mammals of many species, including human infants, apnea and other reflex responses frequently arise from stimulation of laryngeal receptors by ingested or regurgitated liquids. Th...