Rotavirus, a triple-layered non-enveloped member of the Reoviridae family, obtained a transient membrane envelope when newly synthesized subviral particles bud into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As rotavirus particles mature, they lose their transient membrane and obtain outer layer. It is mostly believed that only double layered particles bud into the ER. The present study describes that the...

This paper presents a layered encoding cascade evolutionary approach to solve a 0/1 knapsack optimization problem. A layered encoding structure is proposed and developed based on the schema theorem and the concepts of cascade correlation and multi-population evolutionary algorithms. Genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) are combined with the proposed layered encoding stru...

The interplay between individuals forms building blocks for social structure. Here, we examine the structure of behavioral interactions among kindergarten classroom with a hierarchy-neutral approach to examine all possible underlying patterns in the formation of layered networks of "reciprocal" interactions. To understand how these layers are coordinated, we used a layered motif approach. Our d...

Social communities extraction and their dynamics are one of the most important problems in today’s social network analysis. During last few years, many researchers have proposed their own methods for group discovery in social networks. However, almost none of them have noticed that modern social networks are much more complex than few years ago. Due to vast amount of different data about variou...

In this paper we discuss the concept of Layered Encryption Security(LES). We analyze the need for introducing layering in a security infrastructure. Layered encryption provides us the ability to selectively disclose different parts of data to different parties that might be interested in it without compromising the security of the other parts. We have implemented a simple prototype implementati...

The approach developed for the microindentation of layered elastic solids was adapted to analyze atomic force microscopy probing of ultrathin (1–100 nm-thick) polymer films on a solid substrate. The model for analyzing microindentation of layered solids was extended to construct twoand tri-step graded functions with the transition zones accounting for a variable gradient between layers. This “g...

Abstract: We develop three-dimensional electromagnetic inverse scattering methods to reconstruct buried objects in layered media. The nonlinear inverse problem is solved iteratively via conjugate gradient approach; within each iteration, the problem is linearized by Born and Distorted Born approximations. The forward solution for layered media is provided by the stabilized biconjugate-gradient ...

in this paper to predict the critical conditions for onset of elastic-plastic wrinkling of flange of a two-layered circular blank during the deep-drawing process a closed-form semi-analytical elastic-plastic solution using tresca yield criterion alongwith deformation theory in plasticity with considernig the perfectly plastic behaviour of materials is presented. simplifying the presented soluti...

Integrity of layered structures, extensively used in modern industry, strongly depends on the quality of their interfaces; poor adhesion or delamination can lead to a failure of the structure. Can nonlinear waves help us to control the quality of layered structures? In this paper, we numerically model the dynamics of a long longitudinal strain solitary wave in a split, symmetric layered bar. Th...

Response surface methodology with Box–Benhken (BB) design of experiment approach has been utilized to study the mechanism of interface slip damping in layered and jointed tack welded beams with varying surface roughness. The design utilizes the initial amplitude of excitation, tack length and surface roughness at the interfaces to develop the model for the logarithmic damping decrement of the l...