Introduction Pronator teres usually originates as two heads, the superficial humeral head from medial epicondyle and the deep ulnar head from the coronoid process. The median nerve passes between the two heads, and the ulnar artery passes deep to the deep head of the pronator teres in the cubital fossa. Flexor carpi radialis, another superficial flexor of the forearm arises from common flexor o...

There have been studies concerning the protection of the facial nerve during plastic surgery intended for the parotid gland. The close relationship between the parotid duct and the buccal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve is studied here. The dissections were performed on 10 fixed cadavers at the Anatomy Dissection Laboratory of Ankara University in 2004. The reference points used for ...

INTRODUCTION Restoring elbow flexion remains the first step in the management of total palsy of the brachial plexus. Non avulsed upper roots may be grafted on the musculocutaneous nerve. When this nerve is entirely grafted, some motor fibres regenerate within the sensory fibres quota. Aiming potential utilization of these lost motor fibres, we attempted suturing the sensory branch of the muscul...

W e read the published article entitled " An anatomical study of the inferior oblique muscle with emphasis on its nerve entry " by Kumar et al. (1) This study described the entry of the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve to the inferior oblique muscle and the topographical anatomy of the muscle. We would like to take this opportunity to share some important scientific facts. We agree wit...

The pterygospinous ligament extends from the pterygospinous process of the lateral lamina of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone, coursing inferior level of the oval foramen, to the spine of sphenoid bone in the infratemporal fossa. The ossification of ligament forms the pterygospinous bony bridge and pterygospinous foramen (Figure 1). In existence of this case, branches of the mandibula...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Sex allocation has been studied mainly in small herbaceous plants but much less in monoecious wind-pollinated trees. The aim of this study was to explore changes in gender segregation and sex allocation by Pinus halepensis, a Mediterranean lowland pine tree, within tree crowns and between trees differing in their size or crown shape. METHODS The production of new male and ...

Introduction UN lesions in the wrist and hand can cause a variety of different clinical findings, depending on precise location. Findings might range from a pure sensory deficit to pure motor syndromes with weakness that may or may not involve the hypothenar muscles. This depends on whether the lesion involves the main trunk, the sensory branch only, or the deep palmar branch at different sites...

The formation of the tracheal network in Drosophila is driven by stereotyped migration of cells from the tracheal pits. No cell divisions take place during tracheal migration and the number of cells in each branch is fixed. This work examines the basis for the determination of tracheal branch fates, prior to the onset of migration. We show that the EGF receptor pathway is activated by localized...

INTRODUCTION Management of the biliary ducts during liver resection is one of the most important challenges for hepatobiliary surgeons. Here, we report the case of a left hepatic trisectionectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma with a rare aberrant biliary duct of segment 5, which, to the best of our knowledge, has never been reported in previous literature. CASE PRESENTATION A 56-year-old Asian...

Descending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA) is commonly used pedicle for ante- rolateral thigh (ALT) flap. Oblique branch of LCFA is an alternative pedicle that can be used in micro- vascular surgery. According to review of literature and to the best of our knowledge we could not find the use of oblique branch of LCFA as a pedicle of the ALT flap in regional soft tissue re...