The conduct of research in pediatric subjects is crucial to optimizing clinical care in this diverse patient population. Although the demand for pediatric research remains high, the logistical implementation is complex. Many factors have led to a lack of pediatric research, including lack of agreed-on end points, informed consent issues, and the general perception that pediatric patients are vu...

Accessible online at: www.karger.com/journals/hed Ethical aspects of biomedical research in humans have been unmasked at a late stage in the history of science. They have been apparent for not more than approximately 60 years, and did not gain attention as a result of ongoing refinements of fundamental human rights. On the contrary, their recognition followed a traditional pattern in the histor...

In 2004 the term “designer baby” made the transition from sci-fi movies and weblogs into the Oxford English Dictionary, where it is defined as “a baby whose genetic makeup has been artificially selected by genetic engineering combined with in vitro fertilization to ensure the presence or absence of particular genes or characteristics.” This coinage was prompted by recent advances in genetics th...

Background: Customs in the world of business today is one of the most important pillars that regulates trade relations between individuals and legal entities, private, public and international law. Among the actors in this field, in addition to national and transnational governments and companies, there is a new phenomenon called the market. The market plays an important role in considering val...

A sperm donor will be biological father of every child produced as a result of his donation. However, he is not intended to be a legal father. Sperm can be stored for as long as twenty years. However, only 50% of the sperm cells survive that time and have normal capability to fertilize the egg. The first successful artificial insemination of a woman with her husband's sperm was recorded in 1790...

abstract background: clinical guidelines are important instruments for increasing the quality of clinical practice in the treatment team. compilation of clinical guidelines is important due to special condition of the neonates and the nurses facing critical conditions in the neonatal intensive care unit (nicu). with 98% of neonatal deaths occurring in nicus in the hospitals, it is important to ...

INTRODUCTION Publication is the final affirmation of scholarly accomplishment. Academic advancement, “publish or perish,” as well as prestige, are other important driving forces. There are many financial benefits (direct and indirect) in publishing such as promotion and further research funding. Many of these forces can lead to ethical lapses. All authors have several important ethical obligati...