landscape fragmentation has threatened the landscape continuity of ray which was maintainedfrom prehistoric times until recent decades. from 19th century that tehran sprawl growth affected ray’slandscape as a satellite city of tehran, ray experienced rapid landscape fragmentation and underwent manychanges. in order to cope with the threat, the process of changes from landscape fragmentation sho...

A technique for modelling arbitrary discontinuities in nite elements is presented. Both discontinuities in the function and its derivatives are considered. Methods for intersecting and branching discontinuities are given. In all cases, the discontinuous approximation is constructed in terms of a signed distance functions, so level sets can be used to update the position of the discontinuities. ...

TOFD technique is based on diffraction of ultrasonic waves on the tips of discontinuities instead of reflection on the interface of discontinuities. When ultrasound is incident at linear discontinuities such as crack diffraction takes place at its extremities in addition to the usual reflected wave. The diffracted energy is emitted over a wide angular range, presumed to originate at the extremi...

This article examines the agrarian landscape in one part of southern Andes (Quebrada Humahuaca, Jujuy, Argentina). The region possesses extensive and well-preserved archaeological remains agricultural systems, which stretch back to pre-Hispanic times. In this study, we employ an interdisciplinary approach our analysis components that structure landscape, especially those historical processes in...