The decision ladder template, one of the tools of cognitive work analysis, attracts attention as a point of comparison for models of naturalistic decision making, such as the recognition-primed decision model. This report compares the decision ladder template and the recognition-primed decision model in terms of five main factors. These factors are origins, concepts, knowledge elicitation, know...

Here we consider a class of generalized linear chains; that is, the ladder–like chains as a perturbation of a 2n–path by adding consecutive weighted edges between opposite vertices. This class of chains in particular includes a big family of networks that goes from the cycle, unicycle chains up to ladder networks. In this paper, we obtain the Green function, the effective resistance and the Kir...

For a stationary set S ⊆ ω1 and a ladder system C over S, a new type of gaps called C-Hausdorff is introduced and investigated. We describe a forcing model of ZFC in which, for some stationary set S, for every ladder C over S, every gap contains a subgap that is CHausdorff. But for every ladder E over ω1 \ S there exists a gap with no subgap that is E-Hausdorff. A new type of chain condition, c...

We study S = 1 2 spin ladder systems with isotropic exchange interactions between spins on neighboring rungs. We show that a ladder with suitable diagonal and biquadratic interactions is integrable in the sense that the quantum Yang-Baxter equation holds and one has an infinite number of conserved quantities. We give the R-matrix and L-operator associated with the ladder model. The model can be...

In this paper I outline and explore some problems in the way that the Nuffield Council of Bioethics' report Public Health: Ethical Issues (2007) presents its 'Intervention Ladder'. They see the metaphor of a ladder both as capturing key normative priorities and as making a real and important contribution to ethical policymaking in public health. In this paper I argue that the intervention ladde...

We have studied the high-frequency (34 GHz) mobility of positive charge carriers on isolated ladder-type polymer chains in dilute solution. We find that the high-frequency mobility is limited by the chain ends on chains as long as 35 monomers. The intrachain motion of charge carriers can be described by one-dimensional diffusion between infinitely high reflecting barriers, representing the chai...

Dependency relations between objects in a railway yard are tabulated in control tables. An interlocking, which guarantees validity of these dependencies, can be implemented in ladder logic. We transform a ladder logic diagram into a Boolean formula, so that validity of the dependencies in the control tables can be verified using a theorem prover. Time copies and invariants are added to the form...

In this paper the dynamic modeling of repairable and standby components of complex systems is analyzed using Petri Nets and ladder logic diagrams. The use of Petri Nets as modelling of a complex system avoids two basic disadvantages of Markov chain analysis. First, the Petri Net model does not grow in size as increasing the number of components and second, Markov chain has been limited to the e...

The proposed biosynthetic pathways to ladder polyethers of polyketide origin and oxasqualenoids of terpenoid origin share a dramatic epoxide-opening cascade as a key step. Polycyclic structures generated in these biosynthetic pathways display biological effects ranging from potentially therapeutic properties to extreme lethality. Much of the structural complexity of ladder polyether and oxasqua...

We examine two-spin (2S) and cyclic four-spin (4S) magnetic interactions in insulating ladder and two-dimensional (2D) cuprates. By a comparison of eigenstates between d-p and Heisenberg models, we evaluate magnitudes of these interactions. We find that the 4S interaction is ∼10 % of nearest neighboring 2S interaction, and a diagonal 2S interaction is considerably small. The 4S interaction for ...