In this appendix, we present the details of the neoclassical model of regulation described in the text (Acemoglu and Finkelstein, 2008). Our approach is based on four simplifying assumptions. The …rst is that hospitals maximize pro…ts. Clearly, non-pro…t or public hospitals have other objectives as well, but starting with the pro…t-maximizing case is a useful benchmark. It is also consistent wi...

BACKGROUND Water immersion during the first stage of labor can reduce the length of the first stage and epidural/spinal analgesia use; however, there is limited information regarding other outcomes. Our purpose was to compare maternal and neonatal outcomes of women who underwent water immersion during the first stage of labor with those who underwent conventional labor and delivery. METHODS H...

OBJECTIVE To develop a tool known as the Birth Unit Design Spatial Evaluation Tool (BUDSET), to assess the optimality of birth unit design. BACKGROUND The space provided for childbirth influences the physiology of women in labor. Optimal birth spaces are likely to enable women to have physiologically normal labor and birth. The measurement of an optimal birth space is currently impossible, be...

We develop a hierarchical Bayesian approach for inference in random coefficient dynamic panel data models. Our approach allows for the initial values of each unit’s process to be correlated with the unit-specific coefficients. We impose a stationarity assumption for each unit’s process by assuming that the unit-specific autoregressive coefficient is drawn from a logitnormal distribution. Our me...

OBJECTIVE Induction of labor (IOL), using intravenous oxytocin, is the artificial initiation of labor before its spontaneous onset for the purpose of delivery of the fetoplacental unit. Although there are various studies looking at dosages of oxytocin, only a few have addressed the issue of discontinuation of oxytocin in the active stage of labor. Thus, our study was conducted to evaluate the n...

From the perspective of organization design, this paper investigates and compares the levels and characteristics of China and Japan’s agricultural organization. (1) In Japan, the individual household is the building block of the agricultural organization in that they possess complete moving rights of their labor and complete property rights over land (although the land mobility is limited by go...

Regional Treatment Intensity as an Instrument for the Evaluation of Labour Market Policies The effects of active labour market policies (ALMP) on individual employment chances and earnings are evaluated by nonparametric instrumental variables based on Swiss administrative data with detailed regional information. Using an exogenous variation in the participation probabilities across fairly auton...

In this paper we evaluate the mean effects of Swiss active labour market policies (ALMP) on employmentand earnings of individual participants by nonparametric instrumental variables based on rich administra-tive data. Identification of local complier effects are obtained by using the fact that Switzerland consist ofmany fairly autonomous regions (cantons) that in several case cut th...