research and developmentexpenditure (r&d;) in new literature plays an important role in economic growth. investment in r&d;, increases level of knowledge and enhanced knowledge, increase production efficiency and from efficiency channel economic growth improves. many studies have been done on the r&d; not used unit of data for this variable. this is due to a lack of labor and the level of inves...

This paper shows, in a two-sector Malthusian model of endogenous population growth, that output per capita, population density, and industrialization depend upon the labor intensity of agricultural production. Because the diminishing returns to labor are less pronounced, high labor intensity (as in rice production) leads not only to a larger population density but also to lower output per capit...

Why Is the Public Sector More Labor-Intensive? A Distortionary Tax Argument Government-run entities are often more labor-intensive than private companies, even with identical production technologies. This need not imply slack in the public sector, but may be a rational response to its wage tax advantage over private firms. A tax-favored treatment of public production precludes production effici...

Why Is the Public Sector More Labor-Intensive? A Distortionary Tax Argument Government-run entities are often more labor-intensive than private companies, even with identical production technologies. This need not imply slack in the public sector, but may be a rational response to its wage tax advantage over private firms. A tax-favored treatment of public production precludes production effici...

This paper uses Data Envelopment Analysis to measure labor use efficiency of individual branches of a large public sector bank with several thousand branches across India. We find considerable variation in the average levels of efficiency across the four metropolitan regions considered in this study. In this context, we introduce the concept of area or spatial efficiency for each region relativ...

We use nonparametric production function methods to decompose farm-level labor productivity growth into components attributable to efficiency change, technical change, and factor intensity. The estimation is accomplished using balanced panel data drawn from the Kansas Farm Management Association for the period 1993 to 2007. We find that labor productivity growth is primarily driven by factor in...

this paper is concerned with the estimation of frontier production function to measure the technical efficiency for iranian textile companies during 1995. the objective of this estimation is to investigate if there are any differences in the technical efficiency between the private and public firms as well as the relationship between technical efficiency and size of textile companies in iran. a...

We present a matching-pricing algorithm for online information labor markets motivated by exploratory study of Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT). The algorithm addresses many of the challenges surfaced by the AMT study. We find that AMT pricing is largely done using rules of thumb, which results in inaccurate pricing. Such pricing leads to either excessive costs for employers or low income for worke...

Poor rural households in Malawi often chose to supplement their income through additional casual work on other farms (“ganyu” labor). Based on data from the Second Integrated Household Survey for 2004, we explore the potential objectives and determinants of ganyu supply. We find a confirmation of the neoclassical theoretical hypothesis whereby households use ganyu as a consumption smoothing opt...

► We assess the impact of Spanish labor reforms that restricted the use of temporary workers. ► We study the gap between an input's value of marginal product and its price. ► Our results suggest a positive and significant impact of these reforms on the permanent labor gap. a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o In the 1990s, Spain approved two labor reforms aimed at reducing the unemployment lev...