Research on first language (L1) acquisition has shown that typically developing children acquire a large part of morpho-syntax by the age of 4 (Guasti, 2002). Similarly, studies investigating how children process morpho-syntactic information have revealed that by the same age, their processing routines do not differ from those used by adults (Clahsen & Felser, 2006). However, there is one struc...

Aims and Objectives: This article proposes the “scalpel model,” a new model of third and additional language (L3/Ln) acquisition. The model aims to identify and examine what happens beyond the initial state of acquisition and what factors may influence change from one state of knowledge to another. Methodology: The article briefly examines the currently proposed hypotheses and models and evalua...

Inhibition of antitumor T cell responses can be mediated by the productive interaction between the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor on T cells and its ligand PD-L1. PD-L1 is highly expressed on both murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and B16 melanoma. In this study, in vitro blockade of PD-L1 interaction on DCs led to enhanced IFN-gamma production and cytotoxicity by Ag-specific...

Mononuclear and trinuclear bis-cyclometallated IrIII complexes of the host ligands tris(4-[4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl]methyl)cyclotriguaiacylene (L1) and tris(4-(4'-methyl-2,2'- bipyridyl)carboxy)cyclotriguaiacylene (L2) have been prepared. Complexes [{Ir(ppy)2 }3 (L1)](PF6 )3 (1.1), [{Ir(ppy)2 }(L1)](PF6 )3 (1.2), [{Ir(ppy)2 }3 (L2)](PF6 )3 (2.1) and [{Ir(ppy)2 }(L2)](PF6 )3 (2.2) (where ppy=phe...

Non-LTR retrotransposons such as L1 elements are major components of the mammalian genome, but their mechanism of replication is incompletely understood. Like retroviruses and LTR-containing retrotransposons, non-LTR retrotransposons replicate by reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. The details of cDNA priming and integration, however, differ between these two classes. In retroviruses,...

Early phase clinical trials targeting the programmed death receptor-1/ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) pathway to overcome tumor-mediated immunosuppression have reported promising results for a variety of cancers. This pathway appears to play an important role in the failure of immune reactivity to malignant plasma cells in multiple myeloma patients, as the tumor cells express relatively high levels of PD...

In this paper we study the regularization with both l1 and total-variation norm for bioluminescence tomography based on radiative transfer equation, compare l1 data fidelity with l2 data fidelity for different type of noise, and propose novel interior-point methods for solving related optimization problems. Simulations are performed to show that our approach is not only capable of preserving sh...

This paper reports on a study of metaphor comprehension and production in a multi-lingual setting using a translation task. Subjects were asked to translate sentences to and from their native language (Turkish) and their second language (English). The proportion of metaphors transferred between the languages during translation was examined. The results do not support forward transfer between L1...

This study focuses on the prosodic patterns of noun phrases (NP) in English, Mandarin and L2 English so as to find out the prosodic similarities and differences between English and Mandarin as well as the effects of the prosody of L1 Mandarin on the acquisition of L2 English NP prosody. The results reveal that English NPs usually have one IP for the NPs with pre-modifiers and two IPs for those ...