This paper introduces a higher-order lazy narrowing calculus (HOLN for short) that solves higher-order equations over the domain of simply typed λ-terms. HOLN is an extension and refinement of Prehofer’s higher-order narrowing calculus LN using the techniques developed in the refinement of a first-order lazy narrowing calculus LNC. HOLN is defined to deal with both unoriented and oriented equat...

Proteins, under native conditions, fold to specific 3D structures according to their 1D amino acid sequence, which in turn is defined by the genetic code. The specific shape of a folded protein is a strong indicator of its function in the cell. The mechanisms involved in protein folding are not well understood and predicting the final conformation of a folded protein from its amino acid sequenc...

This paper describes a method for generating phyllotaxis on surfaces of revolution. It extends the work done by previous authors in using Lindenmayer systems (L-systems) to model phyllotaxis in plants for the purposes of generating realistic visual models. The method described permits placement of small elements in phyllotactic patterns over surfaces of revolution. An area-based phyllotactic mo...

We show that the nonlinear Born-Infeld field equations supplemented by the “dynamical condition” (certain boundary condition for the field along the particle’s trajectory) define perfectly deterministic theory, i.e. particle’s trajectory is determined without any equations of motion. It is a first step towards constructing the consistent theory of point particles interacting with nonlinear elec...

Let L/[0, k&1]. A family F is called an (n, k, L)-system (or (k, L)system, L-system for short) if F/( [n] k ) and |F & F$| # L holds for all distinct F, F$ # F. Define m(n, k, L) :=max[ |F | : F is (n, k, L)-system]. If there exist constants c, c$, : depending only on k and L, and satisfying cn<m(n, k, L)<c$n, then we define :(k, L) :=: which is called the exponent of (k, L)-system. Conjecture ...

To study power series generated by Lindenmayer systems we de ne L algebraic systems and series over arbitrary commutative semirings. We establish closure and xed point properties of L algebraic series. We show how the framework of L algebraic series can be used to de ne D0L, 0L, E0L, DT0L, T0L and ET0L power series. We generalize for power series the classical result stating that D0L languages ...

In this chapter, the family of Lindenmayer systems is presented. Lindenmayer systems differ from the previously discussed grammars in two major ways – by requiring that productions be applied in parallel and by allowing for tables of sets of rules. These differences can be useful for applications in a broad variety of areas, including but not limited to modelling biological phenomena such as gr...

Habitat disturbance affects numerous ecosystem components and processes, but its effect on continuous soybean system is less available. Soybean was seeded following six preceding crops, including grain soybean (Glycine max L. Merill.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), corn (Zea mays L.) and hemp (Cannabis Satia L.), on a Mollisol ...

In this study, nanoscale zero-valent copper (nZVC) as catalyst activated persulfate (PS) was used for the degradation of p-chlorophenol (p-CP) under ultrasonic (US) irradiation in aqueous solution. The effect of different operational parameters such as solution pH (3.5-10.5), PS concentration (1-7.5 mm/L), nZVC dosage (5-35 mg/L) and initial p-CP concentration (10-100 mg/L) were evaluated at di...