Drawing on the 1998 China national health services survey data, this study estimated the poverty impact of two smoking-related expenses: excessive medical spending attributable to smoking and direct spending on cigarettes. The excessive medical spending attributable to smoking is estimated using a regression model of medical expenditure with smoking status (current smoker, former smoker, never ...

BACKGROUND Several countries are considering a minimum price policy for alcohol, but concerns exist about the potential effects on drinkers with low incomes. We aimed to assess the effect of a £0·45 minimum unit price (1 unit is 8 g/10 mL ethanol) in England across the income and socioeconomic distributions. METHODS We used the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model (SAPM) version 2.6, a causal, dete...

In developing countries optimal instruments to smooth consumption such as insurance and credit are often scarce. Thus, during negative economic shocks, households respond by reducing consumption, and/or using sub optimal instruments to smooth consumption such as selling productive assets. If households are forced to reduce consumption or sacri ce nutritional quality during negative economic sho...

Households who regularly report spending in the Nielsen Consumer Panel in 2008 were surveyed about financial and behavioral characteristics as well as their receipt of an Economic Stimulus Payment. Using roughly 25 million dollars in reported payments and the random timing of payments, this paper relates household characteristics to the propensity of households to spend pre-announced, lump-sum ...

abstract: nowadays due to developing the information technology, buildings are equipped to this technology in order to reduce energy consumption and make more convenient for inhabitants. the popularity of smart home has been increasing greatly in recent years due to much higher affordability and simplicity through android smartphone connectivity. this paper prepares a review of smart home and h...

It is well known that some XML elements correspond to objects (in the sense of object-orientation) and others do not. The question we consider in this paper is what benefits we can derive from paying attention to such object semantics, particularly for the problem of keyword queries. Keyword queries against XML data have been studied extensively in recent years, with several lowest-common-ances...

Inflation is a decline in the purchasing power of money and reflected general rise prices goods services an economy. decrease real income has negative impact on macroeconomy. The purpose study to determine interest rates, government spending, public consumption, supply, exchange rates Indonesia inflation during periode 1997-2020, using Ordinary Least Square reservation analysis. outcomes displa...