the hijāb is a religious obligation based on numerous sources and jurisprudential arguments. some consider the hijāb as an individual and not a social issue, arguing that it essentially does not fall in the sphere of state interference and even other people’s intervention. the present paper discusses this important and critical issue within the responsibility domain of the islamic state. thus, ...

Data privacy is a fundamental human right, not only according to the EU perspective. Each EU state implements sophisticated data protection acts. Nevertheless, there are frequent media reports on data privacy violations. The scientific and the political community assume that data protection acts suffer from a lack of enforcement. This paper is an interdisciplinary study that examines this hypot...

the islamic legal system established an institution based on which the followers of the triple religions, that is, judaism, christianity and zoroastrianism, under the condition of accepting an agreement entitled as “dhamma”, could seek equality with muslims in many citizenship rights and obligations; whereas, they have never enjoyed those equal rights. during recent years, muslim scholars have ...

one of the most important changes in the judicial system of iran was the establishment of dispute settlement councils in 1381. before this date, judgment and solving the disputes was being carried out only in official juridical centers. after establishing the councils, rural and urban communities welcomed those institutes that were in charge of judging some part of citizen’s problems. in this p...

Following its re-legalisation in 1989, the Romanian Greek Catholic Church after almost forty years of forced reunification with the Orthodox Church, attempted to react at several levels: at the material level, primarily property restitution, at the organisational level, in defining its structure, and at the dogmatic and ritual level, defining its liturgy. The Church chose to give priority to pr...