Almost everyone who has an email account receives from time to time unwanted emails. These emails can be jokes from friends or commercial product offers from unknown people. In this paper we focus on these unwanted messages which try to promote a product or service, or to offer some “hot” business opportunities. These messages are called junk emails. Several methods to filter junk emails were p...

In examining the childhood obesity epidemic from the perspective of economics, John Cawley looks at both possible causes and possible policy solutions that work through markets. The operation of markets, says Cawley, has contributed to the recent increase in childhood overweight in three main ways. First, the real price of food fell. In particular, energy-dense foods, such as those containing f...

"Megavitamin therapy" was first coined in 1952 by psychiatrists Humphry Osmond and Abram Hoffer to describe the large dosages of niacin used in the treatment of schizophrenia and mescaline psychosis. Megavitamin therapy has become a sub-category of Orthomolecular medicine. The term "Orthomolecular" was first utilized by two-time Nobel Laureate Linus Pauling in 1968 to characterize the treatment...

OBJECTIVE Obesity is largely attributable to excess caloric intake, in particular from "junk" foods, including salty snack foods. Evidence suggests that neurobiological preferences to consume highly hedonic foods translate (via implicit processes) into poor eating choices, unless overturned by inhibitory mechanisms or interrupted by explicit processes. The primary aim of the current study was t...

The term "junk science" has become a fixture of popu lar and journalistic parlance, with media accounts leaving the impression that junk science is pervasive and far-reaching. News stories and OpEds suggest that junk science is especially troublesome in the arena of environmental policy. We are told that an "epidemic of junk science is afflicting the courts," that "scientific fraud is endemic,"...

Tag-based social image search is now very popular for accessing large numbers of collaboratively tagged images on social image sharing platforms. Unfortunately, because of the uncertainty of the relatedness between images and their annotation tags, a very large number of junk images are returned by such search engines without filtering. In this paper, to filter out junk images, the result image...