The article studies the rise of Sunni Awakening (or Sahwa) movement as an example how different groups can be mobilized for collective action and disintegrated by internal external factors. It also examines motives tribal leaders to oppose AQI factors that had a decisive influence on disintegration movement. emergence Iraqi was associated not so much with sense ideological, patriotic, or religi...

surah al-`adiyat is one of the controversial surahs as to whether it is a meccan or a medinan surah. if we determine the place of revelation, it can help us in better interpreting and understanding of surah. because of the oaths in the opening lines of this surah, some commentators believe that it concerns jihad which became obligatory in medina. there are also narratives that date the revelati...

when we investigate contemporary poem of iraq and its reformations, we find many poets in literary map of iraq applying their poetic aptitude as an arm to support iraqi nation’s ideal and to struggle against tyrants. ahmed matar, an iragi poet, is one of the most eminent resistance poets recognized as a first class cultural and jihadi person. he has developed important theories about motherland...

Initially construed as the vital link between Saddam Husayn’s Iraq and al-Qaida in runup to war, Ansar al-Islam (AI) group formed Iraqi Kurdistan December 2001 has been subject of intense debate huge media coverage. In academic research, however, its history, evolution affiliation have received surprisingly little scrutiny. Commonly depicted an affiliated or a sub-group controlled by al-Qaida’s...

introduction: voluntary counseling and testing (vct) for hiv infection is a confidential service offered to individuals in the community. this study intended to present a pattern for regional surveillance of vct services in iran. methods: this was an applied descriptive study. at first, the existing regional vct surveillance in 2009 was investigated through visiting the clinical deputy of medic...

according to this reality that there are some differences among the women, men in terms of learning agents such as education, job background and natural factors such as risk taking and the time that they devote to do a work, it is expected that some differences to exist in the management field and specially in terms of method of human resource management approach (hrm) among the women and men. ...