BACKGROUND It has been observed that acetaminophen potentiates the analgesic effect of morphine and tramadol in postoperative pain management. Its capacity as an analgesic drug or in combinations thereof to reduce the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of inhalational anesthetics represents an objective measure of this effect during general anesthesia. In this study, the effect of acetaminoph...

INTRODUCTION Previous studies have shown that there is a probability of seizure even with therapeutic doses of tramadol. Yet, no accurate data exist regarding this problem in Iran. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of tramadol consumption in patients with first seizure referred to the emergency department (ED). METHODS In the present retrospective one-year cross-se...

BACKGROUND In outpatient populations, hypoglycemia has been associated with tramadol. We sought to determine the magnitude of risk for hypoglycemia associated with tramadol use in hospitalized patients. METHODS During a 2-year period of observation, adult inpatients who received ≥1 dose of tramadol were identified and their medical records were reviewed. Patients were included if they had blo...

BACKGROUND Tramadol, a 4-phenyl-piperidine analog of codeine, has a unique action in that it has a central opioidergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic analgesic, and peripheral local anesthetic (LA) effect. Many studies have reported contradictory findings regarding the peripheral analgesic effect of tramadol as an adjuvant to LA in brachial plexus block (BPB). This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate...

UNLABELLED Seizures have been reported with tramadol monotherapy in animal and human studies, both at recommended and high doses. After tramadol abuse or overdose, neurotoxicity is speculated to be related to the reuptake inhibition of serotonin and norepinephrine, rather than its opioid effects. THE AIM OF THIS STUDY is to show three unusual cases of seizures provoked by tramadol. CASE REPOR...

UNLABELLED We compared the effects of i.v. tramadol (1.25 mg/kg), codeine (1 mg/kg), morphine (0.125 mg/kg), and saline on gastric emptying in 10 healthy human volunteers using a double-blind, randomized, cross-over design. Subjects received one treatment at each of four sessions, 2 wk apart. Gastric emptying was studied using the paracetamol absorption test. There were significant differences ...

OBJECTIVE To determine reduction in dose of tramadol and side effects in posthysterectomy patients on addition of diclofenac on rectal suppository. STUDY DESIGN Randomized double blinded placebo controlled study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from August 2004 to January 2006. METHODOLOGY Seventy ASA I and II females, aged 20 and above, wh...

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of tramadol as an adjuvant to the local anaesthetic solution in patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy for rotator cuff tear after middle interscalene block (MIB). METHODS We enrolled 120 patients (ASA I-II), scheduled for arthroscopic surgery for rotator cuff tear. The patients were sedated with midazolam 0.02 mg/kg and haloperi...

The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its main metabolites after i.v. and i.m. injections. The pharmacokinetic cross-over study was carried out on 6 healthy male beagle dogs. Tramadol was administered by intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) injection at 4 mg/kg. Tramadol and its main metabolites O-desmethyl-tramadol (M1), N-,N-didesmethyl-tramadol (M...

Chronic, noncancer pain such as that associated with osteoarthritis of the hip and knee is typically managed according to American College of Rheumatology guidelines. Patients unresponsive to first-line treatment with acetaminophen receive nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors. However, many patients may have chronic pain that is refractory ...