The traditional 3 3 cell neighborhood used in a focal operation on a raster layer has a square shape that results in a dimensional neighborhood of which the orientation is eventually arbitrary to the physical features represented. This paper presents an experiment using a circular neighborhood to calculate slope gradient. Comparisons of the results from a circular neighborhood with the results ...

In the last decades, many efforts have been made to solve multimodal optimization problems using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). To produce good results, these PSO algorithms need to specify some niching parameters to define the local neighborhood. In this paper, our motivation is to propose the novel neighborhood structures that remove undesirable niching parameters without sacrificing perf...

APrIl 2017 IZA DP No. 10696 The Temporal Stability of Children’s Neighborhood Experiences: A Follow-up from Birth to Age 15 Despite increasing attention being paid to the temporal dynamics of childhood disadvantage, children’s neighborhood characteristics are often measured at a single point in time. Whether such cross-sectional measures serve as reliable proxies for children’s long-run neighbo...

introduction cities and neighborhoods in iran couldn’t adjust themselves to quick changes of the recent decades and have lost their quality in many aspects. due to poor planning and governance at the regional and urban design on physical function, rapid growth of large-scale migrations and inefficient policies and procedures in dealing with urban neighborhoods neglected urban neighborhoods as w...