Research has shown that extensive planning is typical of skilled adult writers (Bridwell-Bowles, Johnson, & Brehe, 1987; Flower & Hayes, 1981b). Yet word processors tend to discourage high level planning (Haas, 1989). In this research, we used the Writing Environment, a computer-based authoring tool that encourages planning, to study the strategies of adult writers. Nine graduate students and e...

Lexical bundles, as fixed-form recurrent word combinations of multiple words, constitute a significant portion academic writing and play pivotal role in producing fluent texts. Extant studies on lexical bundles have documented difficulties that second language learners, particularly writers experience these their writing. However, despite an extensive existing body research the use various fiel...

Medical discourse has recently attracted much scholarly attention. However, few studies have concentrated on both the overall rhetorical structure of the research article (RA) and the specific lexicogrammatical features of the texts, particularly English-Persian contrastive studies on medical RAs. Relying on Nwogu’s (1997) framework, the present study aimed at providing a macroanalysis of the I...

Holistic processing has been shown to be a behavioral marker of face recognition and object recognition in experts. We tested Chinese literates who can read and write Chinese characters (Writers) and Chinese literates whose reading performance far exceeded their writing ability (Limited-writers). We found that Writers perceived Chinese characters less holistically than Limited-writers. In addit...

Considering the crucial role textbook evaluation plays in any educational system, this study evaluated 2 textbook series with respect to the identity options they offer to Iranian learners of English. Data were gathered based on reading passages, dialogues, and pictures of Right Path to English (RPE) and Cambridge English for Schools (CES). Although this study is mainly qualitative in nature, q...