The development of flame ionization detection took place on an empirical basis without a clear understanding of the 1 mechanism. The study of flames by mass spectrometry showed that the all-important ion was the formylium ion CHO . The pre-combustion degradation was thought to be a pyrolytic degradation and hydrogenation at the high temperatures obtained close to the combustion zone. Using a ca...

Two vertical cosmic ray telescopes for atmospheric cosmic ray ionization event detection are compared. Counter A, designed for low power remote use, was deployed in the Welsh mountains; its event rate increased with altitude as expected from atmospheric cosmic ray absorption. Independently, Counter B's event rate was found to vary with incoming particle acceptance angle. Simultaneous co-located...

Construction of ISS will require more than 1000 hours of EVA. Outside of ISS during EVA, astronauts and cosmonauts are likely to be exposed to a large fluence of electrons and protons. Development of radiation protection guidelines requires the determination of the minimum energy of electrons and protons that penetrate the suits at various locations. Measurements of the water-equivalent thickne...

OBJECTIVE Sensor characteristics and performance of three real-time monitors for volatile organic compounds (VOC monitor) equipped with a photo ionization detector (PID), a sensor using the interference enhanced reflection (IER) method and a semiconductor gas sensor were investigated for 52 organic solvent vapors designated as class 1 and class 2 of organic solvents by the Ordinance of Organic ...

A gas chromatographic method for the simultaneous analysis of halothane and nitrous oxide in operating theatre atmospheres has been developed and evaluated. The flame ionization detector is suitable for the quantitative analysis of halothane in concentrations approaching one part per million. The frequency-modulated electron capture detector is highly sensitive to nitrous oxide but we have foun...

A non destructive low intensity ion beam profile monitor has been designed and tested. The system is based on a MCP that detects the residual gas ionization produced by the ion beam. The detector is coupled to a phosphorous screen for the readout of the vertical and horizontal density profiles. Experimental results have shown that the system is able to detect beam intensities as low as 10 pps w...

A gas-chromatographic analysis of vinylidene chloride (1,1-dichloroethylene) is presented. Vinylidene chloride was sampled by adsorbing on activated carbon. It was desorbed with carbon disulfide. The desorption efficiency was 97.2 +/- 1.05 (mean +/- standard error). The analytical column was packed with 10% Apiezon L on acid-washed Chromosorb-P. The analysis was conducted on a gas chromatograph...

The gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acids has attracted considerable interest. In this analysis, the common derivatives of fatty acids, such as fatty acid methyl esters, can be detected using a flame ionization detector and the mass spectra can indicate the true structure of fatty acids. This paper reviews gas chromatographic methods for obtaining fatty acids from marine organisms. The st...

A new large-area detector system was constructed at the University of Chicago for direct measurements of heavy cosmic ray nuclei (oxygen to iron) up to about 10 TeV/nucleon. TRACER (”Transition Radiation Array for Cosmic Energetic Radiation”) uses plastic scintillators to measure charge and a proportional tube array to measure energy via specific ionization and transition radiation. While TRACE...

One of the main objectives of the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) at LHC at CERN is to provide electron/pion identification for pt > 1GeV/c. The separation of electrons is based on ionization dE/dx and TR production and detection. We have improved the electron identification by better considering the contributions of ionization and TR production on the dE/dx measurements. The TRD detector d...