Invasive alien parasites and pathogens are a growing threat to biodiversity worldwide, which can contribute to the extinction of endemic species. On the Galápagos Islands, the invasive parasitic fly Philornis downsi poses a major threat to the endemic avifauna. Here, we investigated the influence of this parasite on the breeding success of two Darwin's finch species, the warbler finch (Certhide...

Lower urinary tract disorders and colorectal diseases like faecal incontinence often are caused by neurological disorders. One solution is functional restoration via the pathways of the nervous system by electrical stimulation of the involved nervous tracts. New basic and clinical research suggest that peripheral and more superficial techniques can successfully applied to correct functional uro...

The vagus nerve is the main of parasympathetic autonomic nervous system. Beyond its vegetative functions, possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Initially developed in treatment refractory epilepsy, stimulation (VNS) currently being evaluated several musculoskeletal diseases. VNS can be invasive by placing an electrode around cervical connected to a generator implanted subcutaneo...

The sleep loss (SL) are one of the important diseases that endanger health aging individuals. This study evaluated SL in individuals, and explored relationship between age organic changes affect brain sleep. causes individuals its harmful effects on them have been outlined. To enable choosing a suitable way to better, we also reviewed advantages disadvantages existing modulation based lifestyle...

Background: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a method of non-invasive and painless brain with an electromagnetic field, which induces changes in the electric field leading to cortical activity modulation neurons. Currently, transcranial increasingly used diagnosis treatment various neuropsychiatric conditions, such as depression, schizophrenia, neurodegenerative diseases, more. TMS ca...

BACKGROUND In humans, non-stereotactic frameless neuronavigation systems are used as a topographical tool for non-invasive brain stimulation methods such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). TMS studies in dogs may provide treatment modalities for several neuropsychological disorders in dogs. Nevertheless, an accurate non-invasive localization of a stimulation target has not yet been per...

Electrical stimulation of the brain is a unique tool to perturb endogenous neural signals, allowing us to evaluate the necessity of given neural processes to cognitive processing. An important issue, gaining increasing interest in the literature, is whether and how stimulation can be employed to selectively improve or disrupt declarative memory processes. Here, we provide a comprehensive review...

In the past 10 years renewed interest has centered on non-invasive transcutaneous weak direct currents applied over the scalp to modulate cortical excitability ("brain polarization" or transcranial direct current stimulation, tDCS). Extensive literature shows that tDCS induces marked changes in cortical excitability that outlast stimulation. Aiming at developing a new, non-invasive, approach to...

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is one of the leading causes cardiovascular in general population. SCD primary prevention requires correct selection patients at increased risk who may benefit from implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Despite several non-invasive arrhythmic indexes are available, their ability to stratify among asymptomatic with disease debated. The programmed ventricular st...

Stimulation of specific neurons expressing opsins in a targeted region to manipulate brain function has proved to be a powerful tool in neuroscience. However, the use of visible light for optogenetic stimulation is invasive due to low penetration depth and tissue damage owing to larger absorption and scattering. Here, we report, for the first time, in-depth non-scanning fiber-optic two-photon o...