BACKGROUND Topical pharyngeal anesthesia is required to perform a technically adequate esophago-gastroduodenoscopy (EGD), but does not improve patient satisfaction, comfort, and willingness to repeat, particularly in the elderly and those with increased pharyngeal sensitivity. The comparative effectiveness of intravenous sedation versus no sedation remains poorly characterized. OBJECTIVE To c...

BACKGROUND A relevant innovation about sedation of long-term Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients is the 'conscious target': patients should be awake even during the critical phases of illness. Enteral sedative administration is nowadays unusual, even though the gastrointestinal tract works soon after ICU admission. The enteral approach cannot produce deep sedation; however, it is as adequate as ...

The absorption and sedation following an intranasal dose of sufentanil were evaluated and compared with those of the same dose given intravenously. Sixteen adult patients scheduled for elective surgery were randomly allocated to receive as premedication 15 micrograms sufentanil either intravenously or intranasally. Before administration and at fixed time intervals thereafter, the degree of seda...

Background: There is an ongoing debate if ketamine exerts any effect on intracranial pressure (ICP). ICP can be evaluated noninvasively by means of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measurement. In the present study, we aimed to determine has perceivable using ONSD.
 Material and Methods: this single-center observational prospectively enrolled patients who were admitted ED received intrav...

To develop allopregnanolone as a therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease, we investigated multiple formulations and routes of administration in translationally relevant animal models of both sexes. Subcutaneous, topical (transdermal and intranasal), intramuscular, and intravenous allopregnanolone were bolus-administered. Pharmacokinetic analyses of intravenous allopregnanolone in rabbit and mouse i...

There is controversy regarding the frequency of sedation-related complications of colonoscopies and whether these procedures are safely performed by physicians-in-training. We retrospectively reviewed the safety of 1,004 consecutive outpatient colonoscopies. No perforations occurred. No patients were hospitalized for sedation-related complications. Seventeen percent of patients had significant ...

In sedation via the submucosal route, the drug is administered through the maxillary buccal submucosa. It is time saving, effective, and safe. Patients with autism, a mental disorder, often find it hard to make relationships with other people. These patients display a strong resistance to dental treatment and sedation. This study reports a successful case of behavioral management during dental ...

Sedative and analgesic agents are frequently used for procedural sedation. Titration of anesthetic doses should be done cautiously and the patients should be continuously monitored. So far, an ideal intravenous anesthetic agent is none [1,2]. A combination of ketamine and propofol has several ideal anesthetic properties. Several clinical studies of the use of ketofol have been evaluated. To dat...

BACKGROUND Adverse effects may still limit the use of continuous epidural and intravenous analgesia in surgical wards. This study postulated that postoperative epidural analgesia was more efficient, and had fewer side-effects than intravenous morphine. The aim was to investigate efficacy, adverse effects and safety of the treatments in a large patient population. METHODS During a five-year pe...

BACKGROUND: Narcotics and sedatives can reduce intraocular pressure. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of remifentanil plus ketamine on intraocular pressure and sedation quality in comparison with fentanyl plus ketamine during and after operation in patients undergoing phacoemulsification with topical anesthesia. METHODS: Forty four patients were randomized into two groups to rece...